Repository@USM :: Browsing by Type "bachelor thesis"

Browsing by Type "bachelor thesis"

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3D computerised forensic facial reconstruction using blender
(2026-02)
Shyan, Lee Sy
This research focuses on the three-dimensional (3D) artistic reconstruction of facial appearance from unknown human skulls, examining the relationship between cranial morphology and overlying soft tissues that define facial form. Facial reconstruction remains a critical approach in forensic identification when conventional methods fail, and no antemortem information is available. The primary aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a 3D digitised facial reconstruction methodology using Blender software and to assess its performance through skull–face comparison. An additional objective was to assess the facial similarity between the 3D reconstructed face and the 2D reconstructed face from previous studies (Kanesa, 2020; Nurul Hikmah, 2022). Cicero Moraes’s reconstruction framework was adopted as the primary methodology and was further modified using updated and established techniques for individual facial features, including the eyes, nose, ears, and lips, to improve reconstruction accuracy. A control study was first conducted using two computed tomography (CT) skull scans, and the resulting faces were compared with corresponding facial photographs to validate and refine the reconstruction workflow. The revised methodology was then applied to five unknown physical skulls as experimental samples. The reconstruction workflow comprised skull acquisition and analysis, skull digitisation, importation into Blender, placement of Facial Soft Tissue Thickness (FSTT) markers, tissue modelling, individual facial feature modelling, and final rendering. The reconstructed faces were evaluated using facial superimposition, fade and wipe mode examination, and facial mapping to assess the reconstruction performance. Additional comparisons were made with previously published two-dimensional (2D) facial reconstructions to examine the facial similarity between 2D and 3D methods. The results demonstrated that the proposed 3D workflow enabled consistent placement of facial features and improved control over facial proportions and surface morphology. The use of a complete population-specific FSTT dataset enhanced anatomical coherence. Nevertheless, discrepancies were observed in facial similarity examination due to methodological variation, biological variability, and practitioner-related factors, including artistic subjectivity and the cross-race effect. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the viability of Blender as a platform for 3D forensic facial reconstruction and highlights the importance of methodological standardisation, population-specific data, and practitioner training in improving reconstruction accuracy and reliability.
3d sex prediction model in malays using lower second molar
(2026-02)
Hong, Tan Zong
Sex prediction models play a crucial role in forensic science, particularly in disaster victim identification (DVI), by reducing the potential identification pool by approximately half. Sex is also a fundamental component of the biological profile, as it forms the basis for estimating other parameters such as age and stature. To date, no studies have investigated sex prediction using occlusal traits—specifically intercuspal distance (ICD), interpit distance (IPD), and total length of the central groove (TLCG)—within the Northeastern Malay population of Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between occlusal traits of the lower second molar and sex among the northeastern Malay population. Measurements of ICD, IPD, and TLCG were obtained indirectly from 3D dental casts of 200 Malay individuals (100 males and 100 females) using 3-Matics software. An independent t-test was conducted to assess sexual dimorphism between sexes. Sex prediction models were developed using four machine learning approaches: Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Decision Tree (DT). The results demonstrated that mean values of ICD, IPD, and TLCG were generally higher in males than in females, except for the ML–MB distance. Among the models tested, LR achieved the best performance, with an area under the curve value (AUC) of 0.70. Stepwise LR analysis identified ML–MB (p = 0.008), MB–DB (p = 0.014), and MB–DL (p = 0.007) as significant predictors of sex. Two of the variables studied were statistically significantly larger in males than females. The percentages of sexual dimorphism ranged from 0.3-7.4%. The highest sex prediction model was LR and yielded fair classification (classification accuracy = 0.63, AUC value = 0.70). Other models yielded poor classification.
A comparative in-vitro study of cultured primary normal human epidermal kera tinocyte on artificial dermal regeneration template and fibrin scaffold.
(2009)
Skin plays an important role in regulating our body homeostasis. Once the dermal layer is destroyed, it cannot heal by itself, a transplant or artificial dermal regeneration template is needed in order to restore its function. This study aims to explore the successfulness in the cultivation of primary normal human epidermal keratinocyte (pNHEK) within INTEGRA® dermal regeneration template {INTEGRA ®-DRT) and fibrin. Keratinocytes were seeded on INTEGRA ®-DRT and fibrin and observed on three day basis until one week. During the culture, cells were supplied with medium containing elevated calcium in order to promote cell differentiation. The cell viability analysis, growth pattern and three dimensional views were conducted using Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM). From the analysis, pNHEK were grown on both scaffolds and the proliferation rate was better in fibrin compared to INTEGRA ®-DRT (p < 0.05). However, the penetration rates are better in INTEGRA ®-DRT scaffold compared to fibrin. In conclusion, both scaffolds are suitable to be developed as skin substitute depends on bum situation.
A comprehensive 3D dosimetric analysis of the vienna ring applicator in high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy for cervical cancer treatment: TLD measurement
(2024)
Sivaprakasam, Pugalya
Introduction: Intracavitary brachytherapy is the most common approach used for gynecological cancers which happens to be the cancer with highest occurrence among women. Intracavitary-interstitial (IC/IS) brachytherapy is an approach that is developed, and various applicators are utilised in this treatment method such as the Vienna Ring applicator. However, a comprehensive understanding on the dosimetric behavior of Vienna Ring applicator is required for efficient use in brachytherapy for cervical cancer. Purpose: This study aims to experimentally analyse the dosimetric performance of Vienna Ring applicator in aspects of target coverage, organ at risk (OAR) sparing and ability to deliver the planned dose during treatment. Methods and Materials: A Vienna Ring applicator was assembled in a pelvic phantom with Thermoluminescence Dosimeters (TLD-100) chips were attached to the OARs (bladder and rectum) to act as markers. Computed Tomography (CT) images were obtained for treatment planning. 7Gy was prescribed for irradiation and the treatment was planned for the assessment of dose received by target, OAR and the TLDs at 8 points. The dose measured by the TLD-100 chips during the irradiation and dose calculated by treatment planning system (TPS) on the TLD points were compared. Results: The dose received by target, bladder and rectum are 7.1 Gy, 2.4 Gy and 7.4 Gy respectively as obtained from TPS. Out of 8 TLDs, 7 TLDs have dose deviation less than 20% while 1 TLD (F7) have dose deviation of 31.03% between measured and calculated dose. Conclusion: The dose distribution of Vienna ring applicator to GTV is not homogenous but has high degree of conformity. The Vienna ring applicator was able to spare the bladder and deliver optimum dose to tumour. The Vienna ring applicator can deliver planned dose during treatment delivery due to 90% of the dose deviation was below 20%. Therefore, the applicator can be categorised as a reliable applicator in brachytherapy for cervical cancer.
A preliminary study on translating, adapting, and assessing nursery teachers’ knowledge and attitudes towards childhood hearing loss in Malaysia
(2025-07)
Said, Nurul Aina Syafiqa Mohd
This preliminary study aimed to adapt, translate, and validate a hearing-related questionnaire to assess nursery teachers’ knowledge and attitudes in Malaysia about childhood hearing loss. The English version of the questionnaire was translated into Malay and administered to 25 female nursery teachers in Kelantan through both online and face-to-face distribution. The translation process involved forward, and backward translations carried out by two bilingual translators from the School of Languages, Literacies, and Translation, Universiti Sains Malaysia, and one TESL student from Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin. Content validity was evaluated by two expert panels (an audiologist and an educational administrator), achieving excellent results with Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI) scores of 1.00 for relevance and cultural suitability, and 0.94 for clarity. Reliability testing yielded a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.69 for both knowledge and attitude scales, indicating moderate internal consistency. The participants consisted mainly of SPM and Diploma holders with varying teaching experience. Statistical analysis, as determined by One-Way ANOVA, showed no significant differences in knowledge or attitudes based on educational level or teaching experience (p > 0.05). For the knowledge scale, items were scored as Yes = 1, No/Not Sure = 0, with mean scores falling below 1.0, indicating limited knowledge. For the attitude scale, items were rated on a 5-point Likert scale (Strongly Disagree = 1 to Strongly Agree = 5), with average scores slightly below 4, reflecting moderate but not strongly positive attitudes. These findings suggest that the adapted Malay questionnaire is a culturally appropriate tool for future research and highlight the need for targeted professional development in hearing health awareness among early childhood educators.
A study of adult diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for bone and thyroid scintigraphy in Hospital Pakar USM
(2025-06)
Roddy, Ezzradyeana Mayang Anak
Introduction: Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) are important in nuclear medicine imaging procedures, especially in commonly performed examinations such as bone and thyroid scintigraphy. DRLs function as the benchmarks to improve patient safety and optimize the use of radiopharmaceuticals. However, there are no established DRLs for these imaging procedures in the Hospital Pakar USM, or even in Malaysia. Currently, only national Achievable Doses (ADs) have been established for nuclear medicine imaging, resulting in limited understanding regarding the administered radiopharmaceutical activities of the current clinical practices in Hospital Pakar USM. Objectives: This study focuses to determine the administered radiopharmaceutical activities in adult patients undergoing bone and thyroid scintigraphy in Hospital Pakar USM, in order to propose DRLs for these imaging procedures. The comparisons were carried out between the proposed DRLs and established international DRLs, as well as between the proposed ADs and established national ADs. Methodology: A retrospective observational design was conducted in this study using patient data within five years, starting from January 2020 to December 2024. A total of 158 patient cases, consisting of 104 bone scintigraphy cases using Tc-99m MDP and 54 thyroid scintigraphy cases using Tc-99m pertechnetate, were collected. The administered radiopharmaceutical activities were analyzed, followed by calculating the 50th and 75th percentiles for these imaging procedures to represent the values of the proposed DRLs and ADs. Results: For proposed ADs, the administered radiopharmaceutical activities calculated at the 50th percentile (median) for bone scintigraphy was 763.68 MBq, while for thyroid scintigraphy was 187.71 MBq. For proposed DRLs, the administered radiopharmaceutical activities calculated at the 75th percentile for bone scintigraphy was 793.28 MBq, while for thyroid scintigraphy was 196.08 MBq. Conclusion: Both proposed DRLs and ADs obtained for this study were consistent with international and national standards, where these values were within the ranges of administered radiopharmaceutical activities after the comparison had been made. This study also supports the ongoing efforts for the development of the national DRLs for nuclear medicine imaging procedures in Malaysia.
A study of radiation dose from computed tomography (CT) simulation scan in brachytherapy treatment
(2025-07)
Mahazeli, Wan Nurul Ain Wan
brachytherapy, CT simulation
A study on acid violence and corrosive acid damage pattern to textiles
(2025)
Razak, Nurul Fatil Atikah
Acid attack cases are one of the forms of crime that have serious physical and psychological effects on the victim and leave important forensic evidence at the scene. This study was conducted to assess the effects of corrosive agents on various types of textiles and identify the presence of corrosive agent anions through the color spot test, in addition to analyzing the trend of acid attack cases in Malaysia through the analysis of online news archives. The design of this study involved news content analysis to identify patterns of acid spill cases in Malaysia, laboratory experiments to assess the effects of corrosive agents on textiles such as cotton, viscose, and polyester, and color spot tests or chemical tests for the detection of corrosive agent anions. News analysis also showed an increase and certain patterns in acid attack cases in Malaysia. Observations showed that corrosive agents produce significant physical changes in textiles, including color changes, fiber expansion, and disintegration of fabric structure, depending on the type of textile and the duration of exposure. The color spot test also showed the ability to detect the presence of certain anions clearly and quickly. Overall, this study proves that the analysis of corrosive agent effects on textiles and the detection of anions through the color spot test have significant value in assisting forensic investigations, which involves hurt or even death to victims
A study on fibre identification and characterization of various headscarf fabrics
(2025-02)
Fahmi, Shazwina Ayna Mohd
This study focuses on the identification and characterisation of fibres from six types of headscarf fabrics, mainly cotton, silk, polyester, lycra, viscose, and moss crepe as potential sources of trace evidence in forensic investigations. Fibre evidence, often transferred during physical contact, plays a crucial role in linking suspects, victims, and crime scenes. Morphological tests revealed that distinct weave patterns and yarn structures significantly influence fabric behaviour, such as porosity and density, aiding in the differentiation of fabric types. Both cotton and viscose exhibited plain weaves, but cotton had a less porous fabric structure than viscose. Polyester and lycra showed dense synthetic structures. Burning tests identified fibres based on their combustion behaviour, residue formation, and odour. Lycra however shows uniqueness in the absence of hard beads although it is synthetic fibre. Moss crepe and viscose displayed mixed traits, confirming their partially synthetic origins. Solubility tests further validated fibre compositions by observing their reactions to various chemical solvents, demonstrating distinct dissolution behaviours influenced by chemical structure and environmental factors. Most fibres did not dissolve in 75% and 60% sulphuric acid, and none dissolved in formic acid, while most fibres dissolved in high-temperature 50% sodium hydroxide solutions. In conclusion, this study successfully classified and identified the six types of fibres using comprehensive fibre identification methods, enhancing their value as trace evidence in forensic applications
A study on nutritional status, mealtime behavior and food refusal among autism spectrum disorder (asd) and typically developing (td) children aged 3 to 11 years old in USM Kubang Kerian, Kelantan
(2017-05)
Hashim, Isyatin Munirah
A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the nutritional status, mealtime behaviors and food refusal among Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing children aged 3 to11 years old in Universiti Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian, Kelantan (97 children). In this study, nutritional status was calculated and categorized based on CDC (2000). On the other hand, mealtime behaviors was determined using Brief Assessment of Mealtime Behavior in Children (BAMBIC). BAMBIC questionnaires consisted 3 factors which were Food Refusal, Disruptive Behaviors and Limited Variety. While food refusal among respondents was determined by using Food Preferences Inventory (FPI) based on 12 group which namely cereals and cereal products, meat and meat products, fish and seafood, eggs, legumes and legume products, milk and dairy products, vegetables, fruit, confectionery, beverages, spreads, seasonings and flavoring. Result showed that ASD children possessed higher in both underweight, overweight and obese as compared to TD children. In mealtime behaviors outcome, the food refusal and disruptive behavior factor were significantly different among ASD children compared to TD children. However, for limited variety factor, not significant mean differences was noted between ASD and TD children. The common food refusal that significantly different among ASD and TD children were cereal and cereal product (p <0.001), meat and product (p=0.039), bread spread (p=0.017) and confectionery cake (p=0.012). However, ASD and TD children do not show significant mean differences in refusing vegetables (p=0.239), fruits (p=0.089), fish and seafood (p=0.090), beverages (p=0.456)), milk and milk product (p=0.387) and flavoring and seasonings (p=0.925). In conclusion, children with ASD more likely to suffer underweight, overweight and obese issues as compared to TD children. This might be related to higher unhealthy food intake and less vegetables and fruits intake so leads some of them to overweight and obese. However, there were also a few of them might consuming less energy dense food and had higher mealtime behaviors problem so leads them to have lower BMI compared to TD children.
A Study On Procurement Selection Criteria Of Building Projects In The Malaysian Construction Industry
(2005-03)
Lin, Shui Man
The above statement shows that an appropriate choice of procurement system for a project plays an important role in the success of a project, which would ultimately benefit all the parties who involves. The process of selecting an appropriate procurement method involves a consideration of various factors including the environment of the project itself. Thus, a number of models of procurement selection have been developed. This includes the works of NEDO (1985) and Birrell (1991), which can be used for this research as a guideline. The model was developed’ in the context of Malaysian Construction Industry for this research. The data collection method utilized structured interview and postal questionnaire method. The study found that the combination models of NEDO and Birrell are not applicable in local context.
Adsorptive removal of MN(II) and FE(II) from aqueous solutions using raw lime, lemon and pomelo peels
(2026-01)
Rajan, Darshan Namana
The issue of heavy metal contamination in the Kelantan River basin and its tributaries, where it’s documented that Fe and Mn frequently exceed Malaysian National Water Quality Standards. To address this issue, this thesis investigates the adsorptive removal of Fe(II) and Mn(II) from aqueous solutions using unmodified peels of three common citrus fruits in Malaysia—key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia), lemon (Citrus lemon) and pomelo (Citrus maxima) as low‑cost biosorbents. The fruit peels were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify surface functional groups, and initially analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) to confirm the absence of initial Fe and Mn contamination. Following that, batch adsorption experiments were performed in synthetic Fe and Mn solutions under systematically varied pH (3–6), adsorbent dosage (0.2–0.8 g), contact time (10–80 min) and reusability over four adsorption–desorption cycles. Adsorption performance was quantified by AAS using multi‑point calibration curves with excellent linearity (R² ≈ 0.999 for both Fe and Mn), enabling accurate determination of post‑adsorption metal concentrations and percentage removal. FTIR spectra of all peels showed hydroxyl, carboxyl/carbonyl and ether/alcohol bands, with intensity changes after metal uptake implicating these groups involved in surface binding interactions with Fe(II) and Mn(II). Optimal pH was 5, with 0.2 g dosage and short contact times optimal across peels. Key lime achieved the highest Mn(II) removal (91.75%, retaining 76.95% after four cycles), followed by lemon (85.75%) and pomelo (77.25%), while Fe(II) removal was lower (lemon: 43.23% max; key lime: 31.45%; pomelo lower), confirming Mn(II) selectivity. Overall, the findings demonstrate that unmodified citrus peels—particularly key lime—are effective, low‑cost and sustainable biosorbents for Mn removal and moderately effective for Fe, offering a practical route for agricultural waste and a promising supplementary treatment option for metal‑contaminated waters, although further modification and broader metal testing are recommended to enhance Fe adsorption and extend applicability.
Allelic variations in the edar gene and their influence on hair types in Malaysian populations
(2025-02)
Boon, Wendy Tan Lee
Ectodysplasin A Receptor (EDAR) is a tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) that is involved in the development of ectodermal tissues, including hair follicles. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3827760, which encodes EDAR:p.(Val370Ala), is a missense mutation in the EDAR gene that pleiotropically influences phenotypic traits such as hair type, particularly in East Asian populations. However, the genotype distribution and correlation of this SNP with hair type among Malaysian ethnic groups remain largely unexplored. Thus, this study aimed to determine the allelic variation of SNP rs3827760 in the Malaysian population among the Malay, Chinese, and Indian ethnic groups. DNA samples (buccal swabs) were collected from 30 participants, with 10 individuals from each ethnic group, and extracted using a silica-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using the custom EDAR primers, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA quantification, cycle sequencing, and ethanol precipitation (purification). Sanger sequencing was conducted using the SeqStudio™ Genetic Analyzer, and the chromatograms were analyzed with Chromas and Jalview software to identify nucleotide variations at the SNP loci rs3827760, rs146567337, and rs12623957. A chi-square test was performed to determine the statistical significance of the association between the SNPs and ethnicity or hair type. The analysis showed that SNP rs3827760 was significantly correlated with both ethnicity (P-value <0.001) and hair type (P-value = 0.011). The ancestral allele (allele A) was strongly associated with Indian (curly hair) individuals, while the derived allele (allele G) was strongly associated with Chinese (straight hair) individuals. Malay individuals with straight or wavy hair exhibited a mix of all three genotypes. SNP rs146567337 showed no significant association with ethnicity (P-value = 0.155) or hair type (P-value = 0.432). SNP rs12623957 was not significantly related to ethnicity (P-value = 0.058) but was correlated with hair type (P-value = 0.017). Therefore, SNP rs3827760 in the EDAR gene was the most strongly correlated genetic factor for hair types and ethnicity in this study
An assessment of food safety culture among food vendors in a night market in Meru, Klang
(2026-01)
Sukur, Nurfarah Lina
The maintenance of food safety standards in night markets requires a thorough evaluation of food vendors’ food safety culture (FSC). The purpose of this study is to assess the food safety culture among food vendors in a night market in Meru, Klang, and the association of food safety culture scores with demographic and experience-related factors. For this cross-sectional study, 149 food vendors from three night markets in Meru were examined for the relationship between FSC scores and demographic and experience-related factors. The data were evaluated using nonparametric statistics to find cultural consistency. The descriptive analysis found work pressure as the most consistent indicator (median = 5.00, IQR = 0.00) and risk judgment as the lowest-ranked indicator (median = 3.33, IQR = 1.5). The inferential statistics found there is no difference in the level of food safety culture and demographic factors (p > 0.05), but there is a difference in the level of food safety culture and experience-related factors (p < 0.05). The study comes to the conclusion that focused educational initiatives and time are the main factors that determine the quality of FSC.
Analytical investigation of corrosive agents in relation to cotton textile damage assessment
(2025-02)
Khairi, Siti Nur Aiefika
Acid attacks cases occur commonly with the ill intention to hurt the victim by utilising corrosive substances that are easily obtained and cheap. Clothing fabrics are one of the surfaces that are in contact with the corrosive agents used making identification of the corrosive substances vital to provide clue in connecting the perpetrator to the crime. Therefore, this study investigates the chemical characterization of corrosive agents and the relation to textile damage. Relationships of corrosive substance samples with cotton textile were studied over time interval of every 5 minutes in spend of 15 minutes. The tear area and absorption area occurred to the cotton textile were taken into account as the effect. Lab graded acids and commercial products were included in the analytical investigation, whereby pH measurements and chemical characterization of the corrosive substance samples by using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was performed. Resulting in observation of the acidity trends of the samples through the pH measurement. In addition, the chemical characteristics of the samples was achieved through principal component analysis, clustering the samples according to selected features of each sample unique chemical characteristics. These findings provide implications for acid attack cases in identifying corrosive substances evidence. Furthermore, identifying the corrosive substance by utilising analytical instrument and observation the relationship between corrosive substances with cotton textile in contact
Anti-diabetic and anti-lethargic effects of stichopus horrens extract in type 2 diabetes-induced sprague dawley male rats
(2025-01)
Vixuan, Eng
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, that is attributed to either insufficient insulin production by the pancreas or impaired response of body cells to insulin. Present medication like metformin has brought significant therapeutic effects in treating this disease but the side effects prompt the researchers to explore other alternative treatments especially natural products. This study aimed to investigate the potential of different sea cucumber samples of Stichopus horrens, differentiated by extraction methods, in reducing fasting blood glucose level, minimising fatigue condition, and restoring structure and function in organs of diabetic type 2-induced rats. Two extraction methods were utilised in this study, which are hydrolysis and high-pressure processing (HPP). The first extract of sea cucumber was subjected to hydrolysis only, while the second extract was exposed to HPP only. The last extract of sea cucumber was subjected to both hydrolysis and HPP. In the in-vitro assay, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to three Stichopus horrens body wall samples, and a positive control, metformin with concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 4000 µg/mL in MTT assay to obtain starting dosage of treatments for animal study. The in-vivo study involved Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, which included the induction of high fat diet for five weeks, 110 mg/kg of nicotinamide injection, followed by 55 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) into creating Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat model. Rats were randomly grouped into six groups; normal control (n=3), diabetic control (n=3), metformin-treated group (n=3), sea cucumber extract (hydrolysis only) (n=3), sea cucumber extract (HPP only) (n=3), and sea cucumber extract (HPP and hydrolysis) (n=4). The findings displayed a decreasing trend in cell viability with increasing sea cucumber concentration with ICS0 values of 3.771 ± 0.152 µg/mL in sea cucumber extract (hydrolysis only), 3.783 ± 0.063 µg/mL in sea cucumber extract (HPP only), and 4.006 ± 0.054 µg/mL in sea cucumber extract (HPP and hydrolysis) while metformin depicted an increasing trend of cell viability with ECS0 value of 4.931 ± 4.044 µg/mL. As a result, the starting dosage for animal study pertaining to different treatments is 150 mg/kg each. The findings depicted decreasing trend of blood glucose level after four weeks of treatments with 150 mg/kg sea cucumber samples and increased exercise tolerance in sea cucumber extract (HPP and hydrolysis) group with 150 mg/kg. Apart from that, sea cucumbers exhibited mild restoration in histological changes of liver, kidney, and pancreas. The short treatment duration of sea cucumber on diabetic rats might prove that sea cucumber is a promising candidate for the development of novel product in the future.
Antibiofilm activity of quercus infectoria (QI) gall methanol extract against biofilm-forming staphylococcus aureus
(2026-01)
Rajendra, Abiramy
Quercus infectoria (QI) galls, rich in hydrolysable tannins and phenolic compounds, have long been used in traditional medicine and are increasingly studied as sources of novel antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents. This study evaluated the antibiofilm activity of QI gall methanol extract against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, focusing on (i) biofilm kinetics, (ii) minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal concentrations (MBC), and (iii) biofilm-inhibitory and biofilm-eradication effects at defined developmental stages. QI galls were extracted using absolute methanol, and the crude extract was concentrated and stored at 4 °C. MIC and MBC against planktonic S. aureus were determined by broth microdilution and confirmed via subculture. Biofilm formation was modelled in microtiter plates, with incubation for initial adherence (3 hours) and maturation (14 hours). Extract effects at 1x and 2x MIC were assessed using resazurin reduction combined with corrected optical density (OD570 – OD600). In the adherence phase, extract concentration and exposure time did not significantly inhibit early attachment, suggesting tolerance of initial adhesion to tested concentrations. In contrast, during biofilm maturation, corrected OD decreased markedly by 24 hours, indicating substantial inhibition or disruption of metabolically active biofilm, followed by partial regrowth at 48 hours. These results suggest that QI gall methanol extract is more effective against established biofilms than early adhesion events. This study provides quantitative, phase-specific evidence supporting the antibiofilm potential of QI gall extract. Despite limitations including a single strain, two concentrations, and reliance on a single assay, the findings justify further evaluation using multiple strains, complementary structural and viability assays, extended dosing, and combination therapy to explore potential synergy against S. aureus biofilms.
Anticancer effect of artonin E and chaplashin from artocarpus species on breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7
(2013-05)
Ling, Choo Yen
Breast cancer appears to be a major global health problem. The most common treatment approach of this disease is chemotherapy. However, studies showed that long-term use lead to drug resistance and implies side effect that may cause several genetic alteration, such as gene mutation, DNA methylation and histone modification. Epidemiologic studies revealed that consuming flavonoid rich fruits and vegetables might reduce all types of cancer incidences including breast cancer. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate the anticancer effect of two types of flavonoid extracted from Artocarpus sp, Artonin E and Chaplashin towards breast determine anticancer effect of Artonin E and Chaplashin towards MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and to determine mode of cell death of cells treated with most potent compound by assessing nuclear fragmentation effect. Dose-dependent inhibitory effect of cell growth on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells with a median inhibition concentration (IC50) was determined by methylene blue assay. The IC50 concentration was then used to analyse nuclear fragmentation event using fluorescence dye Hoeschst 33342. Mode of cell death was confirmed by flow cytometry analysis using Annexin-V/PI double staining. It was found that Artonin E showed better anticancer activity towards MDA-MB-231 cells with IC50 of 4.95 pg/ml compared to Cisplatin with IC50 of 5.88 pg/ml. Chaplashin showed the best activity towards MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with IC50 of 24.80 pg/ml. Nuclear fragmentation assay showed the cells treated with Artonin E absorbed more distinct fluorescent blue glow compared to the untreated cells. The stained morphology indicated apoptosis characteristic as nuclear fragmentation appeared clearly in the treated cells. Thus, we postulated that anticancer effect in the treated cells underwent apoptosis. In conclusion, Artonin E exerted strong antipoliferative effects to attribute anticancer effect potential towards MDA-MB-231. Mode of cell death confirmed the induction of apoptosis when nuclear fragmentation occurred in the treated cancer cells. Therefore, these plant-derived compounds need further investigation to support the anticancer effect. Thus it might become a potential anticancer drug in the future.
Anticancer effects of apis cerana and heterotrigona itama honeys on temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma cells
(2025-01)
Hui, You Ying
Glioblastoma is characterized by high aggressiveness and poor prognosis with median survival rate of less than 15 months. Due to the complexity of surgery to remove whole tumour and rapid development of chemoresistance towards temozolomide (TMZ), apitherapy using honey emerges as potential alternative treatment for glioblastoma due to its rich phenolic compounds with high antioxidant properties. However, the difference between Apis cerana honey and Heterotrigona itama honey for anti-glioblastoma effects has not been extensively studied. In this study, the phytochemical composition of A. cerana and H. itama honey were compared using phytochemical screening test and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Their antioxidant capabilities were also compared using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Then, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of both honeys on TMZ-resistant glioblastoma cell line (DBTRG-05MG cells) were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, while the analysis of cancer invasiveness and recurrence were determined through scratch assay and clonogenic assay respectively. After that, gene expressions between both honey-treated DBTRG-05MG cells were compared using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to elucidate their effects towards apoptosis (MDM2 gene), metastasis (WNT5A gene) and chemoresistance (YTHDF2 gene). The analysis revealed that A. cerana honey contained higher levels of alkaloid and saponin as compared to H. itama honey, which contributed to its higher antioxidant activity as evidenced via the DPPH assay. This data was also supported by its lower IC50 value (130.5 ± 33.1 mg/mL) than H. itama honey (185.8 ± 27.6 mg/mL) in 72-hour treatment on DBTRG-05MG cells. In contrast, H. itama honey contained higher levels of flavonoid than A. cerana honey. Both honeys shared similar functional groups as indicated in FTIR analysis. A. cerana honey exerted strong inhibitory effect towards invasiveness and migration of DBTRG-05MG cells with its lowest closure percentage up to 72 hours while H. itama honey exerted strong prophylactic effect towards recurrence of DBTRG-05MG cells with its lowest colony number formed. However, there was no significant difference in MDM2, WNT5A and YTHDF2 expressions between honey-treated DBTRG-05MG cells. These findings suggest that A. cerana honey could be more effective in killing TMZ-resistant glioblastoma cells while H. itama honey could be more effective in preventing glioblastoma recurrence. The anticancer effect of each phytochemical in both honeys should be further investigated in future for better elucidation towards apoptotic, metastasis and chemoresistance mechanisms
Antimicrobial activity and toxicity of Musa brachycarpa peel extracts for evaluation of cosmetic formulation
(2016-06)
Maarof, Mas Haidatul Aqma
Banana peels extracts have been used to promote wound healing mainly from bums and to prevent a substantial number of illnesses. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and toxicity of cosmetic cream containing Musa brachycarpa (MB) peels extracts. The antibacterial activity of both aqueous and methanol extracts of Musa brachycarpa peels against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (A TCC 14990) was carried out using the disk diffusion and microbroth dilution methods. The aqueous extract of MB peel did not show inhibitory effect against the tested isolates. However methanol extract showed highest inhibitory effect against S. epidermidis with 14 mm inhibition zone diameter, followed by S. aureus with diameter of 12mm at 40mg/disc. Methanol extract of banana peels displayed a better antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and S. epidermidis compared to aqueous extract. Cream formulation shows inhibition in microbial growth with 10 mm inhibition against S.aureus and 12 mm against S. epidermidis. The MIC values of methanol extract against S. aureus and S. epidermidis were 80mg/ml. While the MIC value for aqueous extract was undetermined. The MBC values of methanol extract against S. aureus and S. epidermidis were 160 mg/ml each. Cytotoxic assay of the extracts was conducted using "Brine Shrimp Lethality" test (BLST). Methanol and aqueous extracts did not induce significant cytotoxic activity with LC50 value of 314.06 µg/mL and 604.98 µg/mL respectively after 24 hours. Heavy metal tests using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) were performed to detect the presence of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) in the extracts and cosmetic cream. The level of heavy metals levels was within the acceptable range and safe to be used. This preliminary study has demostrated the antimicrobial potential and the safety of MB methanol extract to be applied for cosmetic use.

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