Repository@USM :: Browsing by Type "master thesis"

Browsing by Type "master thesis"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 2054

10 years review of successful external cephalic version (ECV) at Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II (HRPZII)
(2022)
Makhtar, Nurul Ain Sah
Objectives: To determine the proportion of patients with successful ECV in breech pregnancy from 36-40 weeks of gestation, the predictors for successful ECV and to create a predictor tool to assist in term of counseling of patients before ECV. Study design: This single center retrospective based on clinical records reviewed 479 medical records with singleton pregnancies and breech presentations that experienced ECV attempt at Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II from January 2010 to December 2019 between 36 to 40 weeks of gestation. Variables with a possible effect on ECV success were collected. These variables include gestation, parity, body mass index (BMI), types of breech, fetal parameters, engagement of buttock, well flexed fetal head, and amniotic fluid index (AFI). Variables’ association with ECV success was assessed using a multivariate logistic regression and predictor tool was created. Results: Overall, 479 clinical records of women underwent ECV being reviewed and success rate of the ECV was 54.7%. Flexed breech (p= 0.007), multiparity (p= 0.000), unengaged of fetal buttock (p=0.000), smaller head circumference (p= 0.017) and higher amniotic fluid index (AFI) (p=0.002) were the independent factors of the version success, while other variables had no statistically significant effect on the success rate. Preoperative predictive score had been created which consist of parity, types of breech, body mass index (BMI), amniotic fluid index (AFI) and engagement of buttock with the minimum score of 8 and maximum score of 13. The favourable predictor score is 9 and above. Conclusion: The overall successful rate for ECV performed in HRPZ II is analogous to other studies and ECV should be offered as an option for the mother. Recognized fetal and maternal factors can help to estimate the chances of success and prediction tool enables accurate prediction of successful ECV and in which when the score is more than 8, it is high chance that the ECV will be successful.
136-941 Mhz Lna Design For Software Defined Radio
(2014-11)
Osman, Anwar Faizd
This research thesis describes the detailed methodology on the design of the 136- 941 mhz wideband low noise amplifier (lna) for software defined radio (sdr) base station in two-way radio applications. The operating frequencies of the design are based on the full spectrum (wideband requirement) of the tia-603c standard for land mobile fm communication equipment. The lna design process includes a comprehensive circuit analysis, design methodology and performance comparisons of the two wideband topologies selected for this research, the negative feedback technique and balanced amplifier topology. This research thesis also illustrates the simultaneous amplifier requirements in wideband application and proposed a structured practical design approach which utilizes the cad simulations in optimizing the amplifiers to meet all the required specs, to balance the design tradeoff and the drawing of the pcb layouts. The design process also includes the method of achieving accurate correlation between the simulation and the actual design. The final stage of the research process was the fabrication of the two topologies using rogers r04003c pcb board and the practical testing measurement of the design using rf equipment to verify the performance of the designed lna.
3-year survival rate and prognostic factors of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia among paediatric patients on ukall protocol in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia
(2022)
Ishak, Hasdalina
Background: Paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia have shown better overall survival and event-free survival over the recent decades. This outcome is due to the advancement of diagnostic modalities, individualised patient treatment and improved supportive care. This study was done to determine common clinical presentations, the known prognostic factors associated with disease outcomes and the overall survival in paediatric ALL patients treated with UKALL protocol. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study involving data interpretation from medical records of children diagnosed with ALL and received treatment with UKALL protocol in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia from 1st January 2008 until 31st December 2018. Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank test was performed to determine the 3-year survival probability. Multivariate analysis with simple and multiple Cox regression was performed to determine the significant prognostic factors of poor disease outcome. Results: A total of 97 patients were included in the study. The commonest clinical presentations were fever (83.5%), pallor (82.5%) and lethargy (52.6%). Clinical examinations also revealed that most patients had hepatomegaly (92.8%), splenomegaly (83.5%) and lymphadenopathy (82.5%). The 3-year OS is 72.2%. In this study, the Kaplan -Meier analysis showed that the weight percentile (p=0.002) and CSF involvement (p=0.023) were significant factors in leukaemia patients' survival. Multivariate analysis showed that the weight percentile of the 10th – 95th percentile significantly predicted the poor survival outcome (p=0.002). Conclusion: Most paediatric ALL patients usually present with common clinical presentations of acute leukaemia. Our overall survival is considered fair and comparable to other developing countries
3D-CT craniofacial morphometry among Malay down syndrome and normal subjects in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia
(2018-05)
Al-Shammari, Haider Ali Hasan
This is the first three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) study, as far as the author is aware, of the craniofacial morphology of Malay Down Syndrome (DS) subjects. This information is intended to increase understanding of the DS quantitative phenotypic features in order to improve the strategies required with the management of these patients. To study the size of the craniofacial structure which include linear and angular measurements in Malay DS subjects and to compare them with normal subjects. Additionally, sexual dimorphism and age differences of both the DS and normal subjects were also investigated. This is a cross sectional 3D-CT study on 240 Malays (Normal = 180, DS = 60) aged between 0 to 35 years old. The initial 2D formats were then reconstructed into 3D utilising Mimics V17.0 software. Linear and angular dimensions of craniofacial structures were measured for each subject using consistent landmark definitions. Comparisons were made between DS and normal subjects, between the males and females and among selected age groups. The selected ages are children (0 to 6 years), pre-adolescents (7 to 12 years), adolescents (13 to 20 years) and adults (21 to 35 years). High reliability of the examiner in carrying out the measurements was detected with ICC values in the range of 0.8 to 1. Generally, each craniofacial region showed unique growth pattern as observed from infancy to adulthood. Most of craniofacial measurements in DS subjects showed smaller values than normal from infancy to adulthood. Sexual This is the first three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) study, as far as the author is aware, of the craniofacial morphology of Malay Down Syndrome (DS) subjects. This information is intended to increase understanding of the DS quantitative phenotypic features in order to improve the strategies required with the management of these patients. To study the size of the craniofacial structure which include linear and angular measurements in Malay DS subjects and to compare them with normal subjects. Additionally, sexual dimorphism and age differences of both the DS and normal subjects were also investigated. This is a cross sectional 3D-CT study on 240 Malays (Normal = 180, DS = 60) aged between 0 to 35 years old. The initial 2D formats were then reconstructed into 3D utilising Mimics V17.0 software. Linear and angular dimensions of craniofacial structures were measured for each subject using consistent landmark definitions. Comparisons were made between DS and normal subjects, between the males and females and among selected age groups. The selected ages are children (0 to 6 years), pre-adolescents (7 to 12 years), adolescents (13 to 20 years) and adults (21 to 35 years). High reliability of the examiner in carrying out the measurements was detected with ICC values in the range of 0.8 to 1. Generally, each craniofacial region showed unique growth pattern as observed from infancy to adulthood. Most of craniofacial measurements in DS subjects showed smaller values than normal from infancy to adulthood. Sexual dimorphism was observed for linear and angular variables in both DS and normal subjects. The number of variables that showed sexual dimorphism increased from infancy to adulthood. Differences in size between males and females were not obvious during infancy as only a few variables showed significant differences. During preadolescent and adolescent stages, only some of the variables showed significant size differences between the sexes. Sexual dimorphism in the craniofacial region was most evident during adulthood with more variables displaying significant differences between the sexes. The majority of the craniofacial variables increased in size significantly from birth to 35 years of age in both DS and normal subjects. This study provides comprehensive description of the craniofacial dimensions of Malay DS subjects. This study has generated craniofacial reference data for DS and some additional normal data. These reference data is hoped to facilitate management of Malay DS subjects. Moreover, these information could also help maxillofacial, orthognathic, plastic and reconstructive surgeons, orthodontists, medico-legal experts and forensic scientists to perform objective and quantitative management, decide treatment strategies and assessment of treatment outcome. In addition, the size of craniofacial structures showed sexual dimorphism at most age categories. Gender consideration should be taken into account in clinical assessment and procedures which may affect the craniofacial complex. Furthermore, quantification based on 3D data provides new insights into craniofacial growth changes and morphology compared with conventional 2D approaches.
6 years review of teenage pregnancy and it’s maternal and fetal outcome in HUSM
(2022)
Muhammad, Nadhilah Izni
OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of the teenage pregnancy, it sociodemographic issues and to determine the obstetric risks and complications of teenage pregnancy in HUSM from the year 2015 till 2020. STUDY METHOD: This retrospective cohort study involved all the teenage pregnancy patient that delivered in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. The data for sociodemographic, obstetric risks and complications were collected from the patient notes. Data were analyzed using univariate analyses and Chi square test or Fisher exact test will be used for categorical independent variable and independent t-test or Mann Whitney U test will be used for numerical independent variable depending on normality of data to look for the obstetric and neonatal outcome and as well as sociodemographic. RESULTS: A total of 405 teenage pregnancy patient participated in this study. They are divided into 2 groups, young teenage pregnancy (n=71) and older teenage pregnancy (n=334). Young teenage pregnancy group are the group that equal or less than 16 years old, while older teenage group are older than 16 years old lesser than 20 years old. The prevalence of teenage pregnancy in HUSM is 1.01% and the mean incidence are 10 births out of 1000 women. The teenage pregnancy found to have low in education level where 88.9% had only attended secondary school and 8.9% did not have any education level compare to only 1.2% had attending college or university. The incidence of eclampsia in younger teenage group found to be higher (4.1%) compare to older teenage group (0.3%). However this is not significantly different between this two group. Post-partum hemorrhage found to be higher in younger teenage group (5.6%) compare to older teenage group(2.7%). Uncomplicated intrapartum outcome are more higher in older teenage pregnancy group(93.7%) compare to young teenage pregnancy group(91.5%). Complicated delivery such as retained placenta, meconium stained liquor, shoulder dystocia and obstetric anal sphincter injuries are found to be low in both teenage group. There is however no significant different in the incidence of Pre-eclampsia, PROM, anemia and adverse birth outcome. 89.7% of the teenager pregnancy are from Malay ethnicity(87.9%) and incidence of premarital conception(17.8%) and single mother(11.9%) are higher. CONCLUSION The younger teenage group have higher rate of successful at spontaneous delivery compare to older teenage group. Both groups have uncomplicated intrapartum outcome. There are no significant different in antenatal complications, mode of deliveries and birth outcome in both teenage pregnancy groups.
8 Bit Cmos Hybrid Digital-To-Analog Converter For Bluetooth Low Energy Application
(2019-03)
Rosli, Alia
In the bluetooth low energy implementation, the digital-to-analog converters act as the bridge gap between digital signal processing chips, and power amplifiers that transmit analog signals. This thesis presents the design of a hybrid Digital-lo-Analog Converter( DAC) intended for RF transmitter in 2.45 GHz Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) application by using CMOS 180 nm technology. The hybrid DAC design strategy is based on iterative scheme whose variables are adjusted in a simple way, minimizing the power consumption as well as area and also meeting the design specifications.
8-Bit High Resolution Pipelined Analog-To-Digital Converter (ADC) With High Unity-Gain Bandwidth Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA)
(2019-02)
Idros, Norhamizah
High unity-gain bandwidth operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) for high resolution 8-bit pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) was designed to satisfy the differential non-linearity (DNL) of ±1 LSB and conversion time less than 20 /js. The resolution of pipelined ADC is limited by open-loop DC gain provided by the OTA that acts as the core element in developing the ADC. The existing design of folded cascode OTA does not has a high open-loop DC gain to maintain the resolution of 8-bit. The choice of folded cascode is the best suited architecture for high resolution switched capacitor application as compared to the other topology.
A 11-year review of emergency obstetric hysterectomy (eoh) in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian, Kelantan January 2007 – December 2017
(2020)
Hashim, Noor Adibah Hanum Che
Introduction: Emergency obstetric hysterectomy (EOH) is one of the life saving procedure performed in cases of intractable hemorrhage due to uterine atony, rupture uterus and placental disorders and it is usually reserved for the situations where conservative measures fail to control the hemorrhage. It is sometimes associated with both maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, indications, maternal and perinatal outcome associated with emergency obstetric hysterectomy in a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: A retrospective study conducted in the Department of Obstetric & Gynaecology in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) for 11 years from January 2007 until December 2017 involving a total of 43 women who underwent emergency obstetric hysterectomy. The records of all cases of emergency obstetric hysterectomy were analyzed included patient profile, obstetric history, details of present labour, indications for obstetric hysterectomy and the fetomaternal morbidity and mortality associated with emergency obstetric hysterectomy. Results: Among 79,777 deliveries, there were 43 cases of emergency obstetric hysterectomy, giving the prevalence of emergency obstetric hysterectomy was 0.29 per 1000 deliveries. Maternal demographic characteristics showed that mean age was 36 years old in caesarean hysterectomy group while mean age for postpartum hysterectomy group was 33 years old. The most common parity group encountered in emergency obstetric hysterectomy was para two to para five. Whether or not women underwent prior uterine surgery was investigated and 30 women (69.77%) had history of previous caesarean section. Of the 30 women with an obstetric history of caesarean delivery, 15 (50%) had more than two caesarean deliveries. Placenta accreta was the most common indication for emergency obstetric hysterectomy (30 women, 69.8%) followed by uterine atony (10 women, 23.3%), uterine rupture (2 women, 4.7%) and extended tear (1 woman, 2.3%). Futhermore, about 93.33% (28 out of 30 patients) with adherent placenta had history of caesarean section prior. No maternal mortality reported in this study. The most significant maternal complications postoperatively include coagulopathy (12 out of 43 women), where 27.91% required massive transfusion protocol, followed with re-laparotomy (4 women, 9.3%), and febrile illness (3 women, 6.98%). Most of the babies were born with good Apgar score. The perinatal complication include perinatal death, 2 out of 43 babies, 4.65% were fresh stillbirth were both cases were referred to our center for abruptio placenta. Conclusions: Caesarean section, especially repeat caesarean sections in women with placenta previa and uterine atony, significantly increased the risks of emergency obstetric hysterectomy. Emergency obstetric hysterectomy is safe with reduce complications compared to before with advancement of obstetric care and good clinical practice. Early decision to perform emergency obstetric hysterectomy is essential before the patient’s condition deteriorates
A 11-year review of emergency obstetric hysterectomy (EOH) In Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian, Kelantan January 2007 – December 2017
(2020)
Hashim, Noor Adibah Hanum Che
Introduction: Emergency obstetric hysterectomy (EOH) is one of the life saving procedure performed in cases of intractable hemorrhage due to uterine atony, rupture uterus and placental disorders and it is usually reserved for the situations where conservative measures fail to control the hemorrhage. It is sometimes associated with both maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, indications, maternal and perinatal outcome associated with emergency obstetric hysterectomy in a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: A retrospective study conducted in the Department of Obstetric & Gynaecology in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) for 11 years from January 2007 until December 2017 involving a total of 43 women who underwent emergency obstetric hysterectomy. The records of all cases of emergency obstetric hysterectomy were analyzed included patient profile, obstetric history, details of present labour indications for obstetric hysterectomy and the fetomaternal morbidity and mortality associated with emergency obstetric hysterectomy. Results: Among 79,777 deliveries, there were 43 cases of emergency obstetric hysterectomy, giving the prevalence of emergency obstetric hysterectomy was 0.29 per 1000 deliveries. Maternal demographic characteristics showed that mean age was 36 years old in caesarean hysterectomy group while mean age for postpartum hysterectomy group was 33 years old. The most common parity group encountered in emergency obstetric hysterectomy was para two to para five. Whether or not women underwent prior uterine surgery was investigated and 30 women (69.77%) had history of previous caesarean section. Of the 30 women with an obstetric history of caesarean delivery, 15 (50%) had more than two caesarean deliveries. Placenta accreta was the most common indication for emergency obstetric hysterectomy (30 women, 69.8%) followed by uterine atony (10 women, 23.3%), uterine rupture (2 women, 4.7%) and extended tear (1 woman, 2.3%). Futhermore, about 93.33% (28 out of 30 patients) with adherent placenta had history of caesarean section prior. No maternal mortality reported in this study. The most significant maternal complications postoperatively include coagulopathy (12 out of 43 women), where 27.91% required massive transfusion protocol, followed with re-laparotomy (4 women, 9.3%), and febrile illness (3 women, 6.98%). Most of the babies were born with good Apgar score. The perinatal complication include perinatal death, 2 out of 43 babies, 4.65% were fresh stillbirth were both cases were referred to our center for abruptio placenta. Conclusions: Caesarean section, especially repeat caesarean sections in women with placenta previa and uterine atony, significantly increased the risks of emergency were both cases were referred to our center for abruptio placenta. Conclusions: Caesarean section, especially repeat caesarean sections in women with placenta previa and uterine atony, significantly increased the risks of emergency
A 4-week internal training load monitoring and fatigue responses of malaysian under-18 rugby players during competitive season
(2018-08)
Azis, Muhamad Fakhrul Hakim
Monitoring internal training loads using session ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) has been used extensively to manage fatigue and to optimise sports performance in athletes but none was reported in Malaysian athletes. Accurate monitoring of internal training loads could assist coaches in the adjustment of training, mode, intensity and duration during the competitive season. This study was to quantify the internal training loads (training load, monotony and strain) and fatigue and to identify the correlation of internal loads on fatigue responses of Malaysian under-18 rugby players for 4-weeks during competitive season. Thirty eight male participants of the study, aged from 16-18 years old, were recruited among the students from the Kolej Vokasional Pengkalan Chepa (N=38). The research variables of this study were collected in four weeks prior to their competition. After 90 minutes of every training session, they were asked to rate their training session using the RPE scale. Then, the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory (MFSI)-Short form were administered once per week at the end of their training session for 4 weeks. The participants were trained five days per week as per coach’s training programme, hence the total number of days of data collection were 20 days. The types of training consisted of cardiovascular, strength, power and tactical. All data was entered into Microsoft Excel 2013. Statistical analyses was performed using IBM SPSS version 24.0. All data are presented as mean �} standard deviation (SD) in descriptive statistics. The statistical analysis used in this study was repeated measure ANOVA. The statistical significance was set 0.05. Pearson correlation at p was used to analyse the relationship between internal training load variables and MFSI. Results showed that the training load in week 4 (2594.00 �} 2.30) was significantly higher compared to week 1 (2388.55 �} 343.87), week 2 (2284.34 �} 411.41) and week 3 (2218.42 �} 521.63). Monotony in week 4 was higher (1.70 �} 3.13) compared to week 3 (1.43 �} 0.44). The mean of monotony in week 2 was higher (1.60 �} 0.35) than week 1 (1.49 �} 0.09). Strain increased in week 2 was higher (3728.44 �} 1228.51) compared to week 1 (3605.57 �} 653.51). In week 3, the mean strain decreased (3354.59 �} 1810.58) and increased in week 4 (4145.66 �} 306.38). In training load, monotony, strain and the total score of fatigue (TSF) correlation, the result showed that training load increased with moderate correlations to TSF (r=0.342; r=0.402; r=0.469). In monotony (r=354; r=0.371; i=0.421) and strain (r=0.343; r=0.383; r=0.446), there were also moderate correlation to TSF. The results obtained in this study will help the coaches and trainers to develop an effective training programme in order to maximise their athlete’s performance, reduce fatigue and subsequently prevent injuries.
A 5 year review of pre-eclampsia in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia
(2022)
Hanafi, Nor Fatimah Zakiah
Objective: To determine the rate of early onset pre-eclampsia (onset of pre-eclampsia before 34 weeks) and late onset pre-eclampsia (onset of pre-eclampsia after 34 weeks) in patients who delivered in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, the risk factors, the maternal and fetal outcomes for both groups and the associated factor for poor maternal and neonatal outcomes of both groups. Methodology: This retrospective observational study involved all patients with singleton deliveries in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, with the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia from January 2016 until December 2020. The demographic data, co-morbid, clinical presentation, clinical assessment, laboratory results, mode of delivery, and outcome were retrieved from the case notes and recorded and analyzed. Categorical data were analyzed by n (percent) and numerical data were analyzed by mean (SD) and median (IQR). Simple logistic regression testing was used to test for factors associated with poor maternal and fetal outcomes in pre-eclampsia. Any significant variables with a p-value <0.25 were included in multiple logistic regression for further analysis, and variables with p-value <0.05 were considered significant. Results: 108 (30.8%) of 351 cases had early onset pre-eclampsia, 243 (69.2%) had late onset pre-eclampsia. The prevalence rate of pre-eclampsia in our centre was 1.4%. Advanced maternal age occurs in 43.5% of the early onset pre-eclampsia group vs 24.3% in the late onset group. 58.3% of women in the early onset group had a history of pre-eclampsia in a previous pregnancy, and they were likely to be obese (59.3% vs 46.1%). Chronic hypertension significantly increased the risk for early onset pre-eclampsia. Nulliparous women were more likely to develop late onset pre-eclampsia although not statistically significant. Women with early onset pre-eclampsia had a higher percentage of the poor maternal outcome (33% vs 21%). In addition, their babies had significantly increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Among women with early onset pre-eclampsia that had a maternal complication, they were more likely to have a history of pre-eclampsia and obese, although not statistically significant. Furthermore, among women with late onset pre-eclampsia that had a maternal complication, they were likely to be nulliparous or had a shorter interpregnancy interval of less than 2 years, although not statistically significant. Among women with early onset pre-eclampsia that had poor perinatal outcomes, there was a higher percentage of advanced maternal age and nulliparous women, and among women with late onset pre-eclampsia that had poor perinatal outcomes, there was a higher percentage of patients with Diabetes Mellitus and obese. However, these differences failed to reach statistical significance. Conclusion: The prevalence of pre-eclampsia in the general population was 1.4% which was comparable to other Asian countries. Some risk factors were common to both early and late onset pre-eclampsia, however, several risk factors had quantitatively different associations with the 2 subtypes of pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia causes significant maternal complications, especially early onset pre-eclampsia. Outcomes of babies of women with early onset pre-eclampsia are significantly worse than for those who presented later. Overall, women presenting with pre-eclampsia after 34 weeks have generally good maternal and fetal outcome.
A 5-year review of recurrent pelvic organ prolapse following pelvic reconstructive surgeries in Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah.
(2020)
Recurrent pelvic organ prolapse after primary pelvic reconstructive surgery is common with recurrence rate 29-34%. The study was carried out to determine the local prevalence of recurrent pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and to determine the associated factors for its recurrence following primary pelvic reconstructive surgery (PRS). It was a retrospective observational study which was carried out at Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu involving all patient who underwent PRS between 1st January 2011 and 31st December 2015. Case notes were review and patients who had recurrent POP more or equal to grade 2 Baden-Walker System within two years of the operation were included. A total of 125 patients were involved. The prevalence of recurrent POP following primary PRS in studied population was 24.8%. The association between each related variable towards recurrent POP was examined. However, no variables were found to be significant at the end. The prevalence of recurrent pelvic organ prolapse in HSNZ was 24.8% within two years interval between primary operation and recurrence. There were no significant risk factors identified to be associated with the recurrence in the studied population. However, the age was the nearest factor that influence recurrence of POP.
A cadaveric study of anatomical variation of sphenoparietal sinus & superficial sylvian draining veins in Sabah population
(2022)
Nagalingam, Harvinth
Background : The term "sphenoparietal sinus" was coined by Gilbert Breschet in an atlas of the venous system in the early nineteenth century (Breschet, 1829). Since then, many literatures have gained interest in knowing the sinus and the drainage. Drainage of superficial sylvian veins was consistent in many literatures however controversies exist. One of the key steps in the transsylvian and subtemporal approach is identifying this sinus and bridging veins from superficial sylvian vein (SSV) to create a wide surgical corridor. Hence, this study was aimed to delineate the microsurgical anatomy and variation of the sinus and sylvian draining veins. Methods : 30 fresh cadavers were examined in Forensic Department Queen Elizabeth Hospital between October 2020 to October 2021, were anatomically analysed and studied through a data collection sheet. All data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 22.0. Results : The studied cadavers were 76% Male (n=23) and 23.3% female (n=7). The median age of cadavers is 52.5 years old with interquartile range of 14. All of Cadavers (100%, n=30) has Sphenoparietal sinus on both side and all draining to ipsilateral cavernous sinus. Number of superficial sylvian veins drainage (SSVD) varies from 0 veins up to 4 veins on both hemisphere. About 40% cadavers (n=12) has 3 SSV Vein draining on left hemisphere and 36.7% (n=11) has 2 and 3 draining veins on right side of hemisphere respectively. Only 3.3% of cadavers (n=1) has no draining veins on either side. Using McNemar test, there is no statistically significant difference of complexity between right and left hemisphere (p=0.332). It was noting to found that male group has more complex veins compare to female in the left hemisphere when compared with Fisher exact test (p=0.024). Based On cadaveric data, we have formulated new classification on SSV SPS drainage based on number of draining (bridging) veins. Type A (4 draining veins) Type B(3 draining veins) Type C ( 2 Draining veins) Type D ( 1 draining Vein) Type E (0 Draining veins) Conclusion: We have consolidated our hypothesis on the presence of SPS and variance in numbers of draining veins to SPS these new classifications is aimed at to provide new microsurgical nomenclature for future use in neuroanatomy and neurosurgery
A Case Control Study To Determine The Association Of Blood Groups And Allergic Rhinitis
(2022-08)
Chai Hui Yi
The primary objective is to discover the association between ABO/rhesus blood groups and allergic rhinitis. Also, this study aimed to find out the association of demographic factors (gender and races) of patients and ABO blood groups.
A Case Study On The Risk Management Model Of An Islamic Banking In Jaiz Bank: An Institutional Perspective
(2024-04)
Tela, Umar Mohammed
Effective risk management is critical for the safety and growth of banks, whether conventional or Islamic banks, and its relevance has grown over time, especially in the aftermath of the great crisis. Although risk management is an area of significant concern to the Islamic banking setting, it remains an under-researched field of study, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. Previous studies about risk management practices have focused on the conventional setting, with little emphasis on Islamic banks. Islamic banks have partnership and sale-based products, which are not interest bearing as in the conventional system. Islamic banks face more unique risks to manage than those traditionally shared with conventional counterparts due to their products and business operations, which require them to be Sharia compliant. Given the limited literature on Islamic banking risk management, the current study has explored the issues surrounding the application of risk management outside of the conventional banking environment. More specifically, the study aims to provide an in-depth understanding and analysis of Islamic banking risk management model in terms of how it is implicated in banking operations and performance. To achieve these objectives, this study adopts a qualitative case study research approach by focusing on a Nigerian Islamic bank, Jaiz Bank Plc (Jaiz Bank), as a case organisation. Data analysis is performed using thematic analysis. Institutional Theory is employed as a theoretical lens to probe into how institutional pressures influence the institutionalisation process of the risk management model in Jaiz Bank. The research findings are analysed and interpreted using institutional isomorphism.
A combination of methodology building for multi-layer feed-forward neural network (MLFF) and linear modeling: an application in biometry modeling
(2024-01)
Jusoff, Muhammad Khairan Shazuan
Biostatistics, also known as biometry, is a field of statistics that focuses on the application of statistical methods to the field of biomedicine and health sciences. Biostatistics can assist researchers and healthcare professionals in identifying risk factors, evaluating intervention effectiveness and many more. However, biostatistics has not been entirely embraced by medical professionals due to several reasons. One of the main reasons is that the medical field is challenging, and maintaining a high level of accuracy is critical. In addition, many previous studies focused on individual modeling technique that has limited ability to capture the dynamic and complexities in the medical field. This study aims to develop a biometry model that combines several statistical techniques, namely bootstrap, Multi-Layer Feed-Forward Neural Network (MLFF) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). This study will propose two distinct models: (i) Hybrid MLFF-MLR model with case resampling and (ii) Hybrid MLFF-MLR model without case resampling. The two models will be compared using the Mean Square Error of Neural Network (MSE.net) and the Mean Square Error of the Linear Model (MSE.lm). The model with lower MSE.net and MSE.lm values will be deemed superior. The analysis results from both models show that the hybrid MLFF-MLR model with case resampling yields a more accurate output. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by exploring the potential of biometry modeling and can be a reference for future researchers in the same field.
A comparative cross-sectional study on comparison of hyperkalemia measurement between blood gas analyzer in emergency department and main laboratory biochemistry analyzer in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia
(2020)
Ismail, Mohd Helmie
Background: Potassium level is measured for patient with high risk of hyperkalemia in an emergency department (ED) using both blood gas analyser (BGA) and biochemistry analyser (BCA). The purpose of study to evaluate the correlation and agreement of hyperkalemia measurement between these two analysers. Methods and Materials: This is a prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) from Jun 2018 until May 2019. The blood samples were taken by single pricked from venous blood and were sent separately using 1-ml heparinized syringe and analysed immediately in the emergency department (ED) using BGA (Radiometer, ABL800 FLEX, Denmark) and another sample was sent to the main laboratory of HUSM and analysed by BCA (Architect, C8000, USA). Only patients who had potassium level ³ 5.0 mmol/L on blood gas results were included. The correlation and agreement were evaluated using Passing and Bablok regression, Linear Regression and Bland-Altman test. Result: A total of 173 sample pairs were included. The mean of potassium level based on BGA and BCA were 5.77 mmol/L (SD±0.74) and 6.05 mmol/L (SD±0.91) respectively. There was moderate correlation between two measurements (P<0.001, r: 0.36). The agreement between two measurements showed within acceptable mean difference which was 0.27 mmol/L with 95% limit of agreement was –1.21 mmol/L to 1.73 mmol/L. Conclusion: There is moderate correlation and acceptable agreement in hyperkalemia measurement between BGA to BCA. However, the BGA results tend to be lowered compared to BCA results. Therefore, the clinicians should use the BGA result with caution in certain clinical situation where time-is-of-the-essence to initiate treatment for hyperkalemia.
A comparative study between the standard AO method and fibula length measurement in estimating maximum femoral nail length
(2022)
Sandhu, Manharpreet Singh
Introduction Diaphyseal femur fractures are a common presentation in orthopaedics and are routinely managed with intramedullary fixation. Appropriate nail length and size is required to be measured preoperatively. Maximum nail length can be estimated by measuring either clinically or radiographically the contralateral femur or by using forearm referencing. However, these methods are inadequate when patients present with bilateral femoral bone fractures with concurrent forearm fractures. The aim of this study is to identify another reliable clinical method in estimating the maximum femoral nail length. Materials and methods A total of 140 patients who attended the Orthopaedic clinics and wards at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were chosen using a convenience sampling method and participated in this cross-sectional study. Their estimated maximum femoral nail length (EFNL) and fibula length were measured using a tailor measuring tape on the ipsilateral limb. The EFNL was measured according to the standard AO method while the fibula was measured from the tip of the fibula head to the tip pf the lateral malleolus. These data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects. Numerical data were presented as mean (SD) or median (IQR) based on their normality distribution, while categorical data were presented as frequency (percentage). Results Of the 140 patients measured, the overall mean EFNL was 37.98cm (± 2.72cm) while the fibula length was 37.72cm (± 2.61cm). The Pearson’s Correlation analysis showed that the fibula length was highly correlated with the EFNL, and this correlation was not influenced by age, BMI or gender. Interclass correlation analysis (ICC) showed high degree of inter-observer reliability in the both the femur (ICC 0.938 with a 95% confidence interval) and fibula (ICC 0.972 with a 95% confidence interval) measurements. A formula for estimating maximum femoral nail length was derived from the correlation graph. Estimated maximum femoral nail length = 1 + (0.98 × fibula length) Conclusion The fibula length is shown to correlate well with the clinical measurement of EFNL in this study and can be used as a reliable alternative clinical method to estimate the maximum femoral nail length
A Comparative Study Of Assessing Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction By Two Dimensional Echocardiography With REST Gated Blood Pool Ventriculography Using Conventional Sodium Iodide And Cadmium Zinc Telluride Cameras
(2020-11)
V. G. Kumar Das, Gouri
Aim: To validate and compare the correlation and agreement between two- dimensional (2D) echocardiography and Rest Gated Blood Pool Ventriculography (GBPV) using both planar sodium iodide (Nal) and cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) cameras to measure left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Methodology: A total of 109 breast cancer patients, both receiving (84) and scheduled to receive (25) cardiotoxic cancer treatment, underwent 2D-echocardiography, followed by GBPV using both planar Nal and CZT cameras on the same day at the Cardiology and Nuclear Medicine Department of Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru respectively. For the CZT camera, both automatic and manual processing methods were applied, yielding a total of four different methods for the LVEF analysis in this study. Results: Data from the 109 patients showed the highest mean LVEF was 70.1 ± 10.7%, for CZT manual-processing, and lowest for planar camera with a mean of 58.8 ± 10.0%. The mean LVEF for 2D-echocardiogram and CZT auto-processing were respectively 61.8± 6.1% and 64.3 ± 11.3%. LVEF values were significantly higher for CZT manual-processing compared to planar camera, CZT auto-processing and 2D-echocardiography (p < 0.05). No significant difference in mean LVEF was noted when comparing 2D-echocardiography with CZT auto-processing (p = 0.24) and planar camera (p = 0.10). The mean LVEF derived from CZT auto-processing was also significantly higher than that from planar camera (p < 0.05). Although there was significant correlation (p < 0.01) among all four methods, the correlation strengths were varied. Moderate correlation was seen between 2D-echocardiogram and other modalities: Nal camera (r = 0.56); CZT automatic (r = 0.54); CZT manual (r = 0.56). Strong correlation was registered between planar and CZT (r = 0.71 and 0.72, respectively for manual- and auto-processing). The strongest correlation was between the automatic- and manual-processing methods of CZT (r = 0.94). The Bland-Altman limits of agreement among the three scans were wide and suboptimal. The widest limits were -21.1 to +16.2 (37%) between 2D echocardiography and CZT auto-processing. Good agreement was seen between the auto- and manual-processing methods for CZT camera with a limit agreement of -2.0 to +13.5 (15%). Conclusion: Although there is significant correlation between the four methods of measurement of LVEF, the correlation strength is only moderate between 2D-echocardiography and GBPV using the planar Nal and CZT cameras. All three scans showed suboptimal limits of agreement between them and hence should not be used interchangeably. Any one of the modalities can be used to measure LVEF based on local availability; however, the same method of measurement is advised for serial scans.
A comparative study of haemodynamic effects between two different doses of oxytocin in lower segment caesarian section under spinal anaesthesia.
(2012-05)
Zainudin, Asmah
A comparative study of haemodynamic effects between two different doses of oxytocin in lower segment caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. There is always a discussion within the obstetric anaesthesia community about the correct dose of oxytocin and its method of administration. Oxytocin may cause adverse cardiovascular effects, including tachycardia and hypotension, whereas an inadequate dose can result in increased uterine bleeding. We compared the effects of two doses of oxytocin in a randomised doubleblind trial. Seventy patients undergoing elective lower segment caesarean section received an intravenous bolus of either 10 unit or 2 unit of oxytocin after cord clamping. followed by oxytocin infusion 10 unit per hour. All patients received spinal anaesthesia. phenylephrine was used if the blood pressure fell more than 15% from the baseline. We compared changes in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, uterine tone, blood loss, additional usage of uterotonic drugs and emetic symptoms. There was a larger decrease in MAP in patients who received 10 unit, MD — 12.54 mmHg (15.1%), p value <0.0001 than in those who received 2 unit, MD= - 5.46 mmHg (7.1 %), p value = 0.023 There was a greater increase in mean heart rate in patients who received 10 unit , MD - +9.20 bpm (10.2%), p value <0.0001 than in those who received 2 unit , MD= -+8.23 bpm (9.5%), p value = 0.004. Maximum increase in HR was at 2 minutes (+15.57 bpm, 17.28%).The frequency of antiemetic use was higher after 10 unit (27.6%) than 2 unit (2.9%), (/?=0.042). There was no difference in blood loss, uterine tone, or request for additional uterotonic drugs in both groups. In elective lower segment caesarean under spinal anaesthesia with low risk for post-partum haemorrhage, a 2 unit bolus of oxytocin results in less haemodynamic changes than 10 unit, with less nausea and no difference in uterine tone, estimated blood loss and the need for additional uterotonics drugs.

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