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- Publicationone burst versus chirp in cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (CVEMP): comparison between normal and mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss(2022)Introduction: The ear is essential for hearing and equilibrium, detecting and analyzing sound, and maintaining balance. These functions are achieved by the action of the cochlear and vestibular organs of the inner ear. Cervical Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) is an electrophysiological modality to assess otolith organs by determining the function of the saccule and its neural connection to a loud auditory stimulus by monitoring the activity of sternocleidomastoid muscle. This study aims to compare the effects of tone burst (TB), upward chirp (UC), and downward chirp (DC) stimulation used in cVEMP on the latency and amplitude of myogenic potentials in normal and mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss (MMSNHL) Objective: To verify the theory of vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) generation by investigating the role of cochlear using novel auditory stimuli in normal hearing and mild to moderate (MMSNHL) Methods: In this comparative study, VEMP results of participants with cochlea damage (but normal vestibular function) were compared to that of adults with normal hearing and vestibular function. This study was conducted involving 43 normal ears and 43 ears with mild to moderate SNHL, with participants' ages ranging between 18 and 59 years old by using a random sampling method. The hearing assessment was done using otoscopy examination, tympanometry, conventional pure tone audiometry (PTA), and tone decay. The vestibular assessment was done using the Romberg test, Dix-Hallpike test, video Head Impulse Test (vHIT), and Malay Version of Vertigo Symptom Scale (MVVSS). VEMP recording was done using three different stimuli: 500 Hz tone burst, upward chirp, and downward chirp. Results: There were significant results where the P1 latency and N1 latency were found to be statistically different between the stimuli (p<0.001) in each normal group and the MMSNHL group. However, there were no significant differences in the P1 and N1 latency compared to the normal group and MMSNHL using different stimuli (p>0.05). The P1 and N1 and amplitude were found to be not statistically different between the TB, UP, and DC in each group and between the comparison group of normal and MMSNHL (p>0.05). Conclusion: Downward chirp stimuli was the shortest latency among the three stimuli. However, no significant difference in amplitude between each stimulus in the normal group and MMSNHL. It seems that the cochlear does not significantly contribute to the generation of vemp along with saccule and its central connection compared to normal and MMSNHL
- PublicationA prospective study on the psychological assessment in covid-19 patients during and post-intensive care unit and non-intensive care unit discharge(2022)Background: COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has been creating havoc and has imposed a sense of severe insecurity and panic situation. Patients with COVID-19 have different degrees of psychological distress, such as anxiety and depression, which may have been related to their prognosis. This study aimed to assess psychological distress among COVID-19 patients during and post-intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU discharge. Method: This was a prospective cohort single-centre observational study of 118 adult patients infected with COVID-19 who were admitted to Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kota Bharu, Kelantan between September 2021, and March 2022. 59 patients were admitted to the ICU (Group 1) and another 59 to the isolation COVID-19 ward (non-ICU – Group 2). All the patients received the Malay validated Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (M-HADS) questionnaire twice, during discharge from ICU or isolation COVID-19 ward and 1 month after discharge from the hospital. Both anxiety scores and depression scores for the Group 1 and Group 2 were compared using repeated measure ANOVA and linear regression was used to control confounding factors. Results: In Group 1; 13 (22.03%) was admitted as category 4b, 41 (69.50%) as category 5a and 5 (8.47%) as category 5b, while in Group 2; 7 (11.86%) as category 2, 7 (11.86%) as category 3, 17 (28.81%) as category 4a and, 28 (47.46%) as category 4b. Mean depression score based on COVID-19 categories during discharge; in Group 1, category 4b (7.62±2.220), category 5a (8.49±2.040), and category 5b (7.40±1.340), while in Group 2, category 4b (7.21±1.770). Post-discharge; in Group 1, category 4b (5.69±1.440), category 5a (6.05±1.280), and category 5b (6.40±0.550), while in Group 2, category 4b (5.71±1.330). Mean anxiety score based on COVID-19 categories during discharge; in Group 1, category 4b (9.92±2.060), category 5a (11.73±2.950), and category 5b (11.80±1.300), while in Group 2, category 4b (10.29±1.560). Post-discharge; in Group 1, category 4b (8.08±1.800), category 5a (9.32±2.330), and category 5b (9.20±1.640), while in Group 2, category 4b (7.68±1.280). Prevalence of depression during discharge in Group 1; was mild (52.54%) and moderate (10.17%) with a mean depression score was (8.20±2.049), otherwise, in Group 2; mild (40.68%), and moderate (1.69%) with mean depression score (6.98±1.624). Prevalence of depression post-discharge in Group 1; was mild (1.69%) and another 98.31% no depression with a mean depression score was (6.00±1.273), otherwise, in Group 2; no depression (100%), with a mean depression score (5.54±1.250). Prevalence of anxiety during discharge, in in Group 1; was mild (25.42%), moderate (61.02%), and severe (6.78%) with a mean anxiety score was (11.34±2.752), otherwise, in Group 2; mild (45.76%), and moderate (38.98%) with mean anxiety score (9.53±2.104). Prevalence of anxiety post-discharge in Group 1; was mild (40.68%), and moderate (27.12%) with a mean anxiety score was (8.97±2.197), otherwise, in Group 2; mild (33.90%), and moderate (1.69%) with mean depression score (7.20±1.540). Gender (p-value = 0.033), an education level (p-value = 0.018), and oxygen level (p-value = 0.008) were associated with depression during discharge, and age (p-value < 0.001) were associated with depression post-discharge. Social support (p-value = 0.010), oxygen level (p-value = 0.010), and treatment modalities (p-value = 0.027) were associated with anxiety during discharge, and oxygen saturation (p-value = 0.005), and treatment modalities (p-value = 0.090) were associated with anxiety post-discharge. Prevalence of PTSD; 10.17% had mild symptoms in the psychological domain, otherwise, no patients had symptoms in the behavioral domain post-discharge. Conclusion: COVID-19 infection had a high psychological impact on patients admitted to the hospital, especially ICU patients. Psychological intervention is needed to be a part of treatment in COVID-19 patients, especially during hospitalization.
- PublicationKnowledge and attitude towards attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and its associated factors among primary school teachers in Kuala Muda/Yan, Kedah(2022)Introduction: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder among children. The affected child may suffer both academically and socially in the long run if being undiagnosed and neglected without proper care. School teachers play important role in early detection and appropriate referral as they have regular interaction with the child. The purpose of this study is to determine the knowledge, attitude, and factors affecting the knowledge of primary school teachers about ADHD. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in thirteen government primary schools in Kedah, Malaysia, involving 329 teachers. Data were collected by a self‑administrated questionnaire that include demographic information, knowledge and attitude of teachers regarding ADHD and were analysed by descriptive and analytical statistics. Bivariable and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to identify factors associated with the knowledge of ADHD. Variables having a p-value < 0.05 at 95% CI were considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 329 respondents (99% response rate) were enrolled in the study. Among them, 70.8% have good knowledge of ADHD. However, they were relatively lacking in terms of the causes, course and treatment of ADHD. Having prior information about ADHD (OR 3.89, 95% CI: 2.26, 6.70) and being keen to know about ADHD (OR 1.82, 95% CI: 1.04, 3.18) were associated with good knowledge. This study also found that teachers have positive attitudes towards children with ADHD.Conclusion: There was a high proportion of teachers having good knowledge on ADHD. It was significantly associated with having prior information regarding ADHD and their interest towards ADHD. Generally, teachers showed positive attitude towards children with ADHD.
- PublicationFunctional outcome post direct bypass in adult moyamoya disease: A local study(2022)Background: Bypass surgery has been the mainstay of treatment for Moyamoya Disease in both adult and paediatric populations. This surgery is relatively new and emerging number of studies are being done to established the outcome of this bypass procedure. The aim of this study is to assess the functional outcome of direct bypass surgery in adult populations in local setting, as well as improvement in cerebral perfusion and to analyse the demographic and clinical presentation in local setting. Methods: 13 adult patients who underwent direct bypass surgery for MMD in Hospital Kuala Lumpur from December 2017 to December 2021 are identified from operation theatre record. Each of patient’s medical record was then traced. Patients’ demographic data was identified and categorized by age, gender, race, comorbidities and laterality of disease. Clinical presentation for each patient is also determined. Pre and post-operative functional outcome were assigned according to Modified Rankin Scale Score. Radiological outcome post-operative were assessed using Computed Tomography Cerebral Perfusion as well as patency of bypass. Any complication following procedure is also identified. Results: 53.8% of patients has unilateral presentation of MMD. 23% has improvement in functional outcome, while the remaining 77% who underwent direct bypass procedure has static functional outcome. None has deterioration in function, and none developed new episode of stroke. There is improvement in cerebral perfusion parameters post-surgery, however we failed to achieve a statistically significant data.Conclusion: Based on our study, adult patients with MMD who underwent direct bypass surgery has either static or improvement in functional outcome and manage to prevent future recurrent stroke, with an increment in cerebral perfusion. However in view of our study limitation, a longer duration of study is suggested in order to gain a higher sample size in view of the rarity of disease in Malaysia in order to gain a better understanding of the disease
- PublicationThe roles of psychophysiological stress and cognitive markers on perceptual responses during low volume high intensity interval exercise in overweight-to-obese adults(2025-12)The increasing prevalence of overweight or obesity and physical inactivity poses a major global health challenge. Although low-volume high-intensity interval exercise (Lv-HIIE) has gained acceptance as a time-efficient exercise strategy, the mechanisms influencing perceptual responses to Lv-HIIE remain poorly understood in overweight-to-obese adults. This study employed a within-subjects repeated-measures longitudinal intervention design to investigate how psychophysiological stress markers and cognitive traits shape perceptual responses during a 10-week Lv-HIIE programme. Thirty-two healthy participants (11 men and 21 women; aged 28.3 ± 4.9 years; body mass index = 28.21 ± 2.93; physical activity (PA) levels = 518±334 MET-min/week) completed 30 Lv-HIIE supervised sessions (3 per week). Each session included 6 to 10 cycles of 1-minute work intervals at 90% of maximal aerobic speed, interspersed with 75 seconds of self-paced recovery. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 30 minutes after exercise for Sessions 1, 15, and 30 to measure ACTH and cortisol. Cognitive markers were represented by two stable cognitive traits; goal orientation is assessed using the Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure (GOEM), and personality hardiness is assessed using the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale–Revised (CDRS-R) before the intervention. Physical health and cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed at pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. Perceptual responses were recorded throughout the intervention, with enjoyment assessed at the end of sessions1, 15, and 30. Data were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA, paired-samples t-tests, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression to examine changes, associations, and interaction effects. Significant improvements were observed in physical health and cardiorespiratory fitness following the 10-week Lv-HIIE programme. Working heart rate (HR), HR recovery, and RPE progressively decreased, while affective valence, felt arousal, perceived recovery and post-exercise enjoyment significantly improved in Sessions 15 and 30 compared with Session 1 (all P<0.05). Significant associations were observed among perceptual variables across the intervention. ACTH and cortisol displayed dynamic session-dependent changes, with ACTH showing greater acute-phase variation. Both markers were significantly associated with perceptual responses. Higher levels of personality hardiness and goal orientation were also associated with more favourable perceptual patterns. Interaction effects between stress markers and cognitive traits influenced working HR, affective valence and perceived exertion, with cortisol generally playing a dominant role. Lv-HIIE appears to be a time-efficient and psychologically adaptive strategy for overweight-to-obese adults, shaped by the interplay between psychophysiological stress markers and cognitive markers.
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- PublicationSmart temperature screening, hand sanitizing, face mask detection and data profiling system(2022-07-01)Since December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic is currently anticipated as one of the greatest global threats to public health, well-being, global economic and social stability. Temperature screening is significant as it may identify people who have an elevated temperature, which is one of the symptoms of COVID-19. Proper hand hygiene and wearing a face mask are also adequate hygienic preventives to obstruct the spread of a viral infection. Therefore, this project aims to evolve a smart system with temperature screening, hand sanitizing, face mask detection and data profiling. Hardware was first designed using SolidWorks combined with software which is Arduino and Python programming language. The prototype was 3D printed and constructed using corrugated board. The system was controlled by Arduino Uno. Performance evaluation for each stage of smart system had been carried out to analyse the performance statistically. Temperature measurement is accurate with deviation error ±0.2'C for distance variation 0cm to 12cm and ±0.6C for distance variation 12cm to 20cm respectively. The hand sanitizer dispenser takes average 1.95s for pump out the hand sanitizer. At low liquid level, liquid level detector sensor give notification where red LED lights up. In addition, face mask detection has an average accuracy of 94%. Temperature measured was tabulated through PuTTY into file. Thus, temperature screening using a rack and pinion mechanism, automatic hand sanitizing, face mask detection through CNN and data profiling were successfully developed. Hence, this smart system able to assist for screening and monitoring for improvement of COVID-19.
- ItemEating patterns and weight-related concerns among female adolescents in rural schools in Kota Bharu, Kelantan(Pusat Pengajian Sains Kesihatan, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2013-06)Some of the typical eating patterns among adolescents include meal skipping, snacking, eating away from home, fast food consumption and unconventional dietary patterns like adopting vegetarian diet, specific weight loss diet, and an overall reduction of food intake. Eating has become one of the most important health topics due to the increasing prevalence and incidence rates of eating disorders among different groups of populations. Therefore, this cross-sectional study was conducted among female adolescents to investigate the eating frequency of three main meals, identify those who are at-risk of eating disorders, explore association of eating patterns, weight-related concerns, disordered eating, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Random cluster sampling method was applied and 2 schools had been selected from a total of 23 schools in rural area. Respondents were given self-administered questionnaire consisting socio-economic background, eating patterns, weight concerns, and EAT-26. From a total of 334 respondents, 45.2% was in Form 1 and the remaining was in Form 4. A higher proportion of form 4 respondents (72.1 %) skipped breakfast as compared to form 1 respondents (67.5%) [X2 (1) = 0.828, p = 0.363]. There was 18.6% ofthe total respondents atrisk of eating disorders. This study found more Form 4 respondents (19.1 %) at-risk of eating disorders compared to Form 1 respondents (17.9%) [X2 (1) = 0.085, p = 0.771]. However, no association found between disordered eating and breakfast skipping [X2 (1) = 0.561 , p = 0.454]. There is significant association between breakfast skipping and weight concern in this study [X2 (1) = 4.404, p = 0.036] but there is no significant association between disordered eating and weight concern in this study [X2 (1) = 2.997, p = 0.083]. A positive correlation was found between BMI and EAT-26 score (r5 = 0.240, p = 0.001). In conclusion, the prevalence of female adolescents at-risk of having eating disorders in rural area of Kota Bharu is comparable to other local studies in urban areas. Thus, nutritional education and public awareness are needed to improve eating behavior of female adolescents in this country.
- ItemMAT 122E- Differential Equations I (Persamaan Pembezaan I)(Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2006-06)Universiti Sains Malaysia Peperiksaan Kursus Semasa Cuti Panjang Sidang Akademik 2005/2006 Jun 2006 MAT 122E- Differential Equations I [Persamaan Pembezaan I] Duration : 3 hours [Masa : 3 jam]
- ItemFlow Pattern And Hydraulic Characteristics A Of Hexagonal Modular As Channel Bed(Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2019-05-01)Studies have shown that sustainable designs such as Sustainable Drainage Systems (SUDS) would help mitigate some of these effects sustainable. SUDS is natural drainage systems that simulate the natural drainage of a catchment and work in harmony to achieve an increase in ground infiltration and treatment of runoff; and a reduction in flow rates and volume of surface runoff, improving biodiversity and ultimately improving sustainability. However, the sustainability of SUDS devices is questionable because their component parts involve the use of natural resources. This study proposed the application newly designed namely Green Drainage System (GDS) using HM as channel bed. Therefore, it is important to determine the hydraulic characteristic of this module focusing on HM. This thesis investigated experimentally using tilting flume channel and rig simulator. HM as a bed channel was tested at three different slopes of 0.002, 0.005 and 0.008 and each slope consists of four different discharges. In order to verify the results of experimental measurements of the flume channel, the numerical modeling for all the cases was considered, under the same operating conditions with experimental measurements using porous media models and turbulence model (FLOW3D). Results agreed that the experimental and numerical results show good agreement. The maximum flow velocity occurs near the water surface with an increasing flow velocity at increasing depth. The steeper the slopes shows higher maximum water velocity near the water surface emphasized toward the end of flume channel. HM as the effect of porous bed on the turbulent characteristics of the flow in an open channel is different in comparison with the impermeable bed. The velocities are reduced with the decreasing of the water level due to the greater influence of the HM on the flow above the porous bed. It is apparent that the order of reduction velocity porous bed with HM >porous bed without HM > impermeable bed.
- ItemImplementation Of Safety Requirements By Contractors In The Construction Industry(2002-04)This thesis was carried out to study the implementation of safety requirements by contractors in the construction industry. In this research, we shall discuss on the safety of employees and examined this perspective in the construction industry. A case study was conducted to study the perfonnance of construction companies in the aspects of safety requirements at the construction site. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether contractors really understand safety requirements and properly implement safety at the workplace, in this case, the construction site. It was also aimed to observe the level of commitments from the management of the company towards the safety and to examine the awareness and understanding of the management in term of workplace safety. In addition, the objective of this study was also to examine the ways to improve the implementation of safety requirements by the contractors for their employees in the construction industry. Based on the case studied conducted, a systematic safety programme and plan was formulated for the construction companies.