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- PublicationIdentification Of Muscle Sound (MMG) In Human Body(1999-04)From the biomedical engineering study on muscle fibers, there are two types of signals: Electromyography (EMG) signal and muscle sound (MMG). The EMG signal is generated by the human muscle and is detected by using stainless steel electrodes but the muscle sound MMG is detected using vibration detection sensor such as piezoelectric sensor. In this thesis, a suitable sensor has been used to detect the muscle sound in order to analyze its characteristics.
- PublicationKata Kerja 'Memberi/memberikan' Dan 'Menghadiahi/menghadiahkan' Dalam Sintaksis Bahasa Melayu: Satu Analisis Teori Prinsip Dan Parameter200(2009-06)Kajian ini meneliti perlakuan sintaksis kata kerja memberi/memberikan dan menghadiahi/menghadiahkan dalam ayat penyata bahasa Melayu dan cuba memberikan penjelasan teoretis berlandaskan Teori Prinsip dan Parameter (1986, 1993, 1995).
- PublicationFactors associated with hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreak cases in Kelantan 2018(2020-06)Background: Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) remains a significant public health concern worldwide, especially in the Western Pacific Region. In Malaysia, the Ministry of Health (MOH) had adopted the HFMD surveillance system, guideline, prevention and control program for managing the HFMD cases and outbreak occurrence at any level. However, there are still high cases of HFMD and outbreak occurrence reported despite these control program had been made. Therefore, it is vital to recognise the factor associated with the HFMD outbreak cases to overcome this problem. Objective: This research aims to describe characteristics of HFMD cases, the proportion of HFMD outbreak cases and to study the associated factors of HFMD outbreak cases in Kelantan state in 2018. Methodology: This study consists of two parts. Part I adopted the descriptive cross-sectional study while in Part II, the comparative cross-sectional study design was used. The data of HFMD patients in Kelantan in 2018 were using the secondary data obtained from Communicable Disease Control (CDC), Unit Kelantan State Health Department. Results: More than half of HFMD cases in Kelantan in 2018 were aged 5 years and above (53.1%) and male group (55.8%). Majority of them were Malays (96.4%), resided in rural areas (78.6%) and had been treated as outpatients (95.4%). Many of them attended kindergarten (38.3%) followed by others such as home care and different working places (27.1%), school (18.2%) and nursery (16.4%). Notified HFMD cases also more concentrated during warm weather season between May and August (40.9%). Among 1026 HFMD patients, 70 patients were HFMD outbreak cases, equivalent to 6.8%. The significant association found between HFMD outbreak cases among children aged less than 5 years old were those who attended the kindergarten (Adj. OR 0.330; 95% CI: 0.114, 0.957, p-value=0.041) and were taken care at home (Adj. OR 0.008; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.067, p-value<0.001) compared to those who attended the nursery and the disease occurred during the warm season (Adj. OR 0.154; 95% CI: 0.043, 0.557, p-value=0.004) compared to the rainy season. Conclusion: This study reported that the significant factors associated with HFMD outbreak cases in Kelantan among the children below than 5 years were the children who attended the kindergarten, home-care children and disease occurred during the warm season. Therefore, we recommend the collaboration of multi agencies to continuously monitor and improvise the current particular program related to HFMD in nurseries, kindergartens and schools to improve knowledge, attitude and practice among institution managers, teachers and staff towards HFMD. Other than that, we also suggest to develop targetted interventions including early detection of disease, improve the environmental hygiene, effective gatekeeping and good practice in preparation of food in daycare centres to reduce the incidence and burden of the outbreaks.
- PublicationThe Influence Of Perceived Job Risk And Religiousness Towards Positivity And Helping Behaviour Among Government Girls’ Primary School Teachers In Northern Pakistan(2024-09)The hegemony of terrorism in government girls' primary schools in Pakistan has postulated numerous challenges for the female teaching fraternity. Over the last decade, more than 90 terrorist attacks on government girls' primary schools in Pakistan have made female teachers’ life miserable. The lack of perceived organizational support and feeble safety and security measures amidst terrorism aggravated female teachers’ perceived job risk. The current study investigated the sensitive social issue of our society that warranted special attention. The results of the present study confirmed the devastating implications of female teachers' perceived threats of terrorism and lack of perceived organizational support, which caused high perceived job risk. Female teachers’ perceived job risk is constantly disturbing their positivity and helping behavior in the terrorism-affected schools of Pakistan. The present study administered a correlational research design and gathered data from the 303 female teaching fraternity of Pakistan’s terrorism-affected government girls' primary schools through a self-administered survey. The results attested to the significant and positive association of female teachers' perceived threats of terrorism with their perceived job risk. Further, the findings attested to the significant and negative association of female teachers' perceived organizational support with their perceived job risk. The results revealed that there is a significant and negative association between female teachers' perceived job risk and their positivity.
- PublicationInvestigating the validation, reliability and usability of automated method for testing auditory sensitivity (AMTAS) with malay instructional video in clinical and non-clinical settings(2025-08)The Automated Method for Testing Auditory Sensitivity (AMTAS) is a self-administered hearing assessment tool that utilizes a tablet, headphones, and AMTAS software to determine hearing thresholds. While AMTAS has been validated internationally for over two decades and has shown strong potential, such research has never been conducted in Malaysia. This study aimed to assess the validity, reliability, and usability of AMTAS with a Malay instructional video among Malaysian adults through three phases. Phase I involved the verbatim translation of AMTAS instructional video and face validation of the Malay version of the mHealth App Usability Questionnaire (M-MAUQ). Based on responses from 30 participants (mean age = 45.62 ± 14.13 years), the face validity index (FVI) was 0.98 for both Item-FVI and Scale-FVI, indicating excellent clarity and comprehensibility. Phase II, conducted in clinical settings at Hospital Tuanku Ja’afar Seremban (HTJS) and Hospital Rembau (HR), assessed validity by comparing AMTAS and pure-tone audiometry (PTA) thresholds, reliability through AMTAS test-retest measurements, and usability using M-MAUQ. A total of 100 participants (mean age 44.72 ± 14.13) underwent validation testing, while 30 participants (mean age 44.43 ± 14.63) participated in reliability testing. All 130 participants were included in the usability testing. For validity, the mean difference between AMTAS and PTA thresholds ranged from 0.30 dB HL to 3.40 dB HL, with over 95% of results within an acceptable ±10 dB difference. Agreement in hearing loss severity between AMTAS and PTA was high (Kappa = 0.95-0.96). Reliability demonstrated good consistency across all frequencies with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ranged from 0.64 to 0.99. Phase III replicated Phase II in a non-clinical setting at a community centre, involving 22 participants for validation (mean age = 27.41 ± 7.92) and 15 for reliability (mean age = 26.82 ± 8.29). The mean difference between AMTAS and PTA thresholds ranged from 3.18 dB HL to 7.50 dB HL, with strong reliability (ICC > 0.80). Usability showed high ratings in both Phase II and III, with mean scores exceeding 6.0 (out of 7.0) across all domains, reflecting high user satisfaction and feasibility. AMTAS testing was also significantly faster than PTA, reducing test time by an average of 3.03 minutes per person in clinical settings and 2.68 minutes in non-clinical settings. In conclusion, AMTAS meets the standards of conventional PTA in terms of validity, reliability, and usability, supporting its potential for wider use in clinical and non-clinical settings among the Malaysian population
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- ItemPreparation and characterization of Nanostructured Porous Ternary and Quaternary Ill-Nitrides Alloys.(2016)Nanostructured porous binary, ternary and quaternary Ill-nitrides (lnGaN and lnAIGaN) have been successfully fabricated using low cost ultraviolet (UV)-assisted photo-electrochemical (PEC) etching routes. Direct current (DC) has been employed to provide additional driving force to accelerate the PEC etching process, in which an improvement in optical characteristics of the semiconductors with regards to photoluminescence intensity and a stress relaxation in optical phonon modes has been attained through the formation of nanostructures/pores on the semiconductor surface.
- ItemA study on the effect of partnership quality on business process outsourcing for banks and financial institutions in Malaysia(2005-05)This research studied the effect of partnership quality on business process outsourcing for banks and financial institutions in Malaysia. A theoretical framework was developed to test partnership quality as critical success factors to outsourcing success. There were five partnership quality variables in the proposed model – business understanding, commitment, communication, age of relationship and top management support together with partnership trust level as mediating variable. Hypotheses were tested with 105 respondents received from 9 banks. It was found out that trust, business understanding and top management support had significant effect on outsourcing success from the perspective of business performance and customer satisfaction.
- ItemUnsur-unsur tarbiah dalam karya fathi yakan.(Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2016-11)Berdakwah melalui tulisan banyak dipraktikkan oleh para ilmuan Islam terdahulu dan masa kini sebagai wadah untuk mengembangkan idea, saranan, teori, pandangan dan pemikiran. Penulisan dakwah mempunyai pengaruh yang besar dalam masyarakat atas kemampuannya mempengaruhi minda dan menyebarkan ideologi atau pendapat untuk mempengaruhi atau mendapat sokongan orang ramai. Dakwah by writing is practised by the Islamic scholars as a channel to contribute their ideas, suggestions, theories, opinions or their thoughts. Dakwah writing has a great influence of the community for its ability in influencing the minds and spreading of propagandas. The tarbiyyah elements in dakwah writings serve as an occasion for the readers, as preachers or dakwah targets to improve their self potentials and to carry out the dakwah as part of Muslim responsibilities.
- ItemPhysico-Chemical Characteristics Of Pinang River Estuary, Balik Pulau, Penang(Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2018-08)The Pinang River is located at the north-western of Penang Island. Its length is approximately 6.5 km, with narrow and shallow upstream, but wider and deeper downstream. This river supplies freshwater to nearly one-third of Balik Pulau population. Unfortunately, anthropogenic effluent from agriculture, domestic and aquaculture are being directly discharge into the river thus, deteriorating the water quality. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the Pinang River estuarine processes which involve the mixing of freshwater and seawater that may influence the river hydrodynamic, biological, physical and chemical aspects. These characteristics would possibly affect the estuarine water circulation, river transport time scales (i.e. residence time and flushing time) and pollutants (i.e. nutrient and sediment concentrations; and its loadings). Net ecosystem metabolism (NEM) status in Pinang River was also evaluated in terms of ratio between photosynthesis and respiration. Diurnal studies were carried out for 24 hours at two stations during two tidal cycles at spring and neap tides and wet and dry season. A secondary data (from October 2007 until October 2008) on river discharge, salinity and volume along Pinang River were utilised to determine the residence time and flushing time. Pinang River estuarine system was considered as micro-tidal and partially stratified estuary. The flushing time did not influence the residence time (R2=0.028) in Pinang River. This river estuary experienced longer residence time (spring, dry: 17.77 – 42.86 hours; spring, wet: 16.29 – 23.91 hours; neap, dry: 25.47 – 186.69 hours; neap, wet: 23.44 – 89.88 hours) and flushing time (spring, dry: 12.68 – 75.08 hours; spring, wet: 44.05 –186.79 hours; neap, dry: 15.69 – 107.75 hours; neap, wet: 9.90 – 222.73 hours) during both tidal events. However during neap tide, the results were significantly higher than spring tide (p<0.05). Only the flushing time showed significantly higher in wet season at lower part of the river estuary (p<0.05). The nitrite (maximum 3.35 kg/h), orthophosphate (maximum 18.85 kg/h) and sediment (86,837.86 kg/h) loadings were significantly higher during neap tide in wet season (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the ammonia (maximum 44.32 kg/h) and nitrate (maximum 15.96 kg/h) loadings were high throughout the study. Besides tidal event and sedimentation problem, untreated discharged from anthropogenic activities along the river may affect the river turbidity and increase in biological oxygen demand (BOD5) (maximum 11.23 mg/L) which leads the Pinang River estuarine system to be in heterotrophic condition
- ItemReused frequency-based replacement policy with program counter predictor on various memory access types for last level cache memory(2019-07-01)Currently, the main trend of microprocessor cache research is on the last level cache (LLC) memory. The typical LLC memory size is between 2 MB to 20 MB. The researches focus on improving the performance of LLC memory in terms of instruction per cycle (IPC) by using replacement policy. Static Re-reference Interval Prediction Hit Priority (SRRIP-HP) replacement policy can evict cache line that is frequently used and might be reused very soon. In this thesis, a new replacement which uses reused frequency and Re-reference Interval Value (RRPV) is proposed to mitigate the problem of SRRIP-HP with the aim to improve performance in terms of IPC. This replacement policy is called as Reused Frequency Promotion (RFP). However, the proposed RFP evicts newly inserted lines too early on recency-friendly benchmarks. This is because RFP inserts the reused frequency and RRPV in static manner without knowing which lines need to be kept longer. Therefore, a new dead block predictor called Program Counter Hit Miss (PCHM) Predictor is use to modify the insertion decision of RFP. The PCHM Predictor allows line that is predicted to be reused in future very soon to be stored longer in LLC memory. This can increase its chance of being reused and improve performance. The combination of RFP and PCHM Predictor is called RFP-PCHM. However, RFP-PCHM performs worse on some benchmark due to different type of memory access are updating the PCHM Predictor. Each type of memory access namely load/RFO, prefetching and writeback has different reused behavior. Therefore, the updating and insertion decision of PCHM predictor from RFP-PCHM is modified; and the promotion decision of RFP-PCHM is also modified based on the type of memory access namely load/RFO, prefetching and writeback. This replacement policy is called RFP-PCHM-I. In the performance evaluations, the proposed RFP, RFP-PCHM and RFP-PCHM-I are tested at single-thread, multi-thread and multi-program evaluation using SPEC CPU 2006 and Cloudsuite benchmarks on ChampSim simulator. Least Recently Used (LRU) replacement policy is used as baseline. LRU evicts cache line that is the least recently used in LLC memory. The RFP, RFP-PCHM and RFP-PCHM-I outperform LRU with 0.72%, 0.77% and 2.52% respectively in terms of weighted geometric mean of normalized IPC. RFP-PCHM-I also overall outperforms the Signature-based hit predictor ++ (SHiP++) and Leeway. In conclusion, the reused frequency of RFP have further improved the performance of SRRIP-HP. In addition, the PCHM predictor of RFP-PCHM have further improved the performance of RFP. The modification of updating and insertion decision of PCHM predictor; and promotion decision of RFP-PCHM have further improve the performance of RFP-PCHM.