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- PublicationThe nutritional composition, texture, colour, and sensory evaluation of chocolate bar formulated with brown seaweed (Kappaphycus Alvarezii) using response surface methodology (RSM)(2025-01)By incorporating seaweed powder (Kappaphycus alvarezii) into the chocolate recipe, this study aimed to create a nutritious and high-dietary-fiber chocolate. In addition, salt has been added to the chocolate to improve its flavour while also determining its nutritional composition. Overripe banana powder, or OBP, was used in place of the sugar that originally was used to produce the chocolate. A total of two factors were set, each with different percentages of seaweed (1%, 2%, and 3%) and salt (0%, 0.5%, and 1%). The ratios/levels of seaweed and white salt in the milk chocolates’ formulation were optimised using a Central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). According to CCD of RSM, chocolate's hardness increased as more seaweed and salt were added. Similarly, seaweed considerably raised the amount of crude fiber in chocolate, whereas salt had little effect on it. Experiments 1 (seaweed 2%, salt 1%) and 9 (seaweed 2%, salt 0.5%), respectively, produced the two optimal formulations based on CCD. The nutritional analysis of these two tests was conducted in comparison to the control group, which consisted of 0% seaweed and 0% salt. The addition of 2% seaweed and 0.5% of salt to the formulation increased the moisture (2.54%), protein (0.65%), fat (0.65%), and ash (2.30%), while the composition of fat (46.37%) and carbohydrate (46.64%) was slightly reduced. In the sensory evaluation, Experiment 9 showed results in the highest appearance, colour, aroma, and aftertaste compared to control samples. In conclusion, a combination of 0.5% salt and 2% seaweed potentially work well to create a nutritious chocolate. Kappaphycus alvarezii able to improves the nutritional content of chocolate and may be utilised as an alternative ingredient in the creation of a high-fiber, nutrient-dense confectionery.
- PublicationThe association between body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage and circadian rhythm disturbances among undergraduate students in Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian(2025-07)Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage are important indicators of nutritional status. Despite their importance, many still experience issues related to BMI and body fat that may be associated with circadian rhythm disturbances, especially among university students. The objective of this research was to study the association between BMI, body fat percentage, and circadian rhythm disturbances among undergraduate students in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kubang Kerian. This study was a cross-sectional study conducted on a total of 125 undergraduate students in Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian by using a self-administered online questionnaire. The subjects in this study were chosen using a simple random sampling and the data analysis was analysed using the SPSS version 29.0 software. The association between BMI, body fat percentage, and circadian rhythm disturbances was tested using Pearson’s Chi-Square test. Among the analyses, one of the six chrononutrition behaviours, evening latency, had a statistically significant association with BMI (p = 0.002). However, no significant association was found between body fat percentage and any of the six chrononutrition behaviours. In conclusion, this study suggests that efforts are required to promote better circadian rhythm management among university students to support healthy BMI and body fat percentage status
- PublicationThe association between food delivery services usage, BMI, and waist circumference: a study among undergraduate students in the School Of Health Sciences, Usm Kubang Kerian, Kelantan(2025-06)This study investigate the association between the usage of food delivery services and anthropometric measurements, specifically Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference, among undergraduate students at the School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian (USMKK). Given that students often having hectic schedules, food delivery services have become a popular convenience to get meals quickly and easily. However, there are concerns about how frequently using these services might affect students’ health, especially since many delivered meals tend to be fast food or less nutritious options. A cross-sectional study was conducted with students aged 18 to 25 from Health Sciences programmes that involved a total of 105 students. Convenience sampling was used to choose the participants. Result showed that, majority of the participants (59%) used food delivery services once a week. The findings also revealed that accessibility and convenience, promotional offers and limited time to cook are the main reasons that influenced the use of food delivery services with 33.0%, 22.3% and 18.1% of respondents citing these factors respectively. However, statistical results indicated that there are no significant association between frequency of food delivery usage with BMI (p=0.977) and waist circumference (p=0.458) as all p-values > 0.05. these results further illustrated that the usage of food delivery services does not necessarily or directly affecting anthropometric measurement, unless other influencing factors such as environment, psychological and lifestyle were included. This research aims to provide useful information on how relying on food delivery might influence students’ body weight and health risks. By having better understanding regarding these connections can help universities develop better health programs and encourage healthier eating habits among students. This study is important given that Malaysia is seeing an increase in overweight and obesity rates and that young adults' eating habits have a significant impact on their long-term health
- PublicationIn vitro evaluation of polyphenolic-rich fraction of cornsilk extract as anti-hyperglycaemic agent(2025-01)Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that characterised by elevated blood glucose level due to insulin resistance or inadequate insulin production. The increased blood glucose concentration also known as hyperglycaemia which contributes to various diabetic complications such as diabetic cardiomyopathy and diabetic nephropathy. Metformin and acarbose are the well-known medical practical drugs used to treat and alleviate the diabetes-related complications. However, those antidiabetic drugs bring side effects to the diabetic patients during treatment. Hence, this study is aimed to investigate the polyphenolic-rich fraction (PRF) of cornsilk extract as a potential candidate in the study of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The antiglycation effect and mechanism of PRF of cornsilk was evaluated using in vitro study. The cell viability and EC50 of PRF of cornsilk were determined using murine fibroblast (L929) cell line via MTT assay. The PRF of cornsilk showed statistically significantly protected and enhanced the L929 cell viability and proliferation under high glucose with p value of < 0.0001 and EC50 value of 3.84 x 10-12 mg/mL. Upon the MTT assay, the PRF of cornsilk was more effective than the metformin in protecting cells. Furthermore, the PRF of cornsilk depicted statistically significantly (IC50 = 8.38 mg/mL) inhibited the α-amylase enzyme using in vitro α-amylase inhibition assay. However, acarbose demonstrated more robust with a greater inhibition effect (IC50 = 6.95 mg/mL) than the PRF of cornsilk in the α-amylase inhibition assay. Lastly, the PRF of cornsilk showed statistically significantly reduced the advanced glycation end products (AGEs) level using BSA-glucose and -methylglyoxal antiglycation assays. The PRF of cornsilk showed stronger antiglycation activity than the metformin in these antiglycation assays. In short, the PRF of cornsilk is proved with its effective antiglycation property and showed to be a promising candidate to reduce diabetes-related complications by antiglycation pathway. However, more investigations have to carry out to gain further understanding on the antiglycation effect of the PRF of cornsilk
- PublicationComparative study on nutrient contents between variety brands of cow’s milk and plant based milk marketed in Kota Bharu, Kelantan.(2025-01)This study compared the nutritional content of cow's milk and plant-based milk alternatives (almond, soy, and oat milk) available in supermarkets in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The analysis focused on macronutrients (protein, carbohydrates, fat), as well as calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12, fiber content, and their contributions to Daily Values (DV). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess significant differences. Significant differences were found in macronutrient content. Cow's milk had higher protein and fat levels, while oat milk had the highest carbohydrate content. Soy milk provided a balanced nutritional profile. These findings led to the rejection of the null hypothesis for macronutrients. For vitamin D, significant differences were observed, with cow's milk containing higher levels than plant-based milks. However, calcium and vitamin B12 content showed no significant differences, resulting in partial rejection of the null hypothesis. Fiber content showed no significant differences across milk types. Furthermore, significant differences observed in the percentage of the daily value for calcium and vitamin D3 among different milk types, while no significant difference was found for vitamin B12, leading to the partial rejection of the null hypothesis. This study highlights important nutritional differences between cow's milk and plant-based alternatives, offering consumers in Kota Bharu valuable insights for making informed dietary decisions.
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- PublicationAnalyses of battery cell utilisation in an electric vehicle(2024-08)This This thesis investigates enhancing battery management systems (BMS) for electric vehicles (EVs) through redundant cells and active balancing mechanisms. The main goals are to improve the reliability and efficiency of EV battery packs, optimize redundant cell use, and enhance fault tolerance and diagnostics. A MATLAB Simulink model simulates a battery pack with 20 lithium-ion cells, a boost converter, and a DC motor running at 50 km/h. The initial State of Charge (SOC) for each cell was set between 80% and 85%. The active balancing system maintained uniform SOC across all cells, optimizing cell utilization and extending the battery pack's lifespan. In fault conditions, such as the failure of Cell 19, the system demonstrated robust fault tolerance by compensating with the remaining cells and maintaining stable outputs to the motor. The system's fault detection and isolation mechanisms effectively managed current flow, ensuring stable voltage and current. The study shows that active balancing enhances the reliability, longevity, and safety of EV battery packs by preventing overheating and complying with industry standards. This research addresses critical issues in the EV industry, such as uneven cell utilization and battery degradation. Future research should focus on improving BMS safety and reliability with advanced fault detection algorithms, comprehensive thermal management, and adaptive balancing. Additionally, using safer materials in battery construction and developing a user-friendly interface for real-time monitoring will enhance user experience and trust in the technology. This thesis provides a solid foundation for future BMS advancements, promoting the broader adoption of electric vehicles.
- PublicationOptically Pumped Lasing Properties Of ZnO Nanorods(2018-11)The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of optically pumped laser from the ZnO nanorods grown by using the two-step chemical bath deposition (CBD). Samples are grown on two types of substrates, glass and sapphire wafer, AI2O3. Various conditions and treatments of the samples have been introduced to observe the optical emission mainly by manipulating the thickness of ZnO seed layer thin film and the heat treatment condition. The procedures for CBD process is fixed for four hours at 97“C for growth process with the solutions of 0.05 M of zinc nitrate (Zn(NO.3)2.6H2O) and 0.05 M of hexamethylenetetramine (11 MT).
- PublicationPower system reliability analysis considering renewable energy source(2024-07)The study about renewable energy to meet electrical demand has received a lot of interest recently due to worries about limited energy resources. It is also rising public awareness of the potential negative impacts of traditional energy systems. Developments in wind generation technology are going to continue in promoting the use of wind energy in standalone and grid-connected systems. Wind generators operate much differently from conventional generators due to the unpredictability of events. Because of this, power system engineers and designers must carefully consider the reliability issues associated with renewable energy sources. The reliability assessment is done by simulating Monte Carlo simulation in MATLAB software. It is started by collecting data and parameters regarding the wind turbines from real world data. The data then being processed through Monte Carlo simulation and reliability indices are executed. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to compare the available model on several reliability indices. Convergence charts of failure rates, repair rates, FOR, LOLE and WENS also be displayed in the result and discussion section to visualize the stabilized values of the indices. The research work presented in this thesis focuses on assessing many reliability indices such as failure rates, repair rates, FOR, LOLE and WENS. This paper also implemented IEEE-RTS to execute LOLE to have the reliability assessed integrated with IEEE standards. By using information from IEEE-RTS, a wind farm is integrated at Bus 1 of the model. Then, the load data from the paper is utilized into the simulation. The models, techniques, findings, and discussion in this thesis offer useful information for evaluating the suitability of composite electric power systems that integrate wind energy conversion systems.
- PublicationDesign of class e power amplifier(2010-04-01)This project is about the study and design of RF power amplifier circuit. The rapid growth of wireless communications requires more advanced and high performance of the power amplifier circuit. Power amplifier play a important role to convert dc-input power into significant amount of RF/ microwave output power so that the RF signal have enough power transmit trough an antenna. However, the power amplifier itself is the most power consuming part and also the main cause of signal distortion in a transceiver circuit. The class E amplifier, introduced by Sokal, has superior drain efficiency and low stress on the transistor in which no simultaneous high voltage and high current in the transistor; that minimizes power dissipation. Notice that transistor is the major power losses contributor in power amplifier circuit. In this project, class E power amplifier with 2.4 GHz operating frequency, 72.68 % drain efficiency, 14.8642 mW of output power with 3 different circuit configurations by using 0.13 μm were being simulated. The accuracy of the simulation results were verified by the literature. By comparing the 3 configurations, class E power amplifier with common source and source follower as the pre-amplifier stage has the highest power gain value among the 3 configuration.