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- PublicationDevelopment of a mobile phone application for vehicle collision detection with iot system(2023-08)Thousands of people have lost their lives due to road accidents, and some of these deaths could have been prevented if rescue units were notified earlier. Researchers and scientists have made efforts in the automotive industry to promote vehicular communication, but this may make it difficult for people to afford the high prices and maintenance fees of these vehicles. Nevertheless, with the widespread popularity of mobile phones and the growing coverage of internet services, researchers have started to utilise them for vehicular collision detection. However, there is still a lack of dedicated car crash detection features on most smartphone models, limited availability of this technology worldwide, and problems with the performance of the available models. The accuracy of the available models is affected by false positives such as sudden stop of vehicle and phone dropping. This project uses the mobile phones of automobile drivers to act as collision detection units with a mobile application developed using Android Studio. The accelerometer of the phone is used to detect collisions by monitoring the changes in acceleration; GPS is used to detect the location of collisions; internet access is used to store and obtain information through a Firebase Realtime Database; and SMS messaging is used to inform the emergency contact. The functionalities of the features stated has been tested, and the performance of the system using 4 g threshold value to filter out phone drops as false positives has passed with an accuracy of 80%. This system has the potential to contribute to road safety and human health by facilitating rescue operations and reducing the number of preventable losses.
- PublicationDeveloping an auto-size system to hold the different sizes of pcb(2023-07)Western Digital (WD) uses pallet system for holding solid state drive’s (SSD) printed circuit boards (PCBs) in their assembly line for automated assembly process. The existing pallet system used by WD is fixed in size, requiring the creation of new pallet designs whenever PCB sizes change, leading to increased costs and production downtime. This thesis addresses the need for an auto-size system to accommodate different sizes of PCBs in the assembly process of SSDs. The objective of this project is to develop an electromechanical system using linear actuators to set the handles on the pallet to the correct coordinates for holding various PCB sizes. The project involved investigating possible substitutions for the PCB assembly pallet, designing, and fabricating the system components, and developing a control system for accurate positioning. Experimental testing demonstrated the system's precision and accuracy in accommodating PCB sizes within the specified range. Additionally, suggestions for future improvements, such as integrating machine learning for PCB size determination and using more robust materials for enhanced precision and longevity, were discussed. The successful development of the auto-size system offers significant potential for optimizing production processes, reducing costs, and increasing productivity in the manufacturing of SSDs.
- PublicationDeveloping a high-speed ripple carry adder with fault detection and localization(2023-08)Adder is the most important unit in ALU as addition is used in many operations. Ripple-carry adder (RCA) is one of the most common types of adders. However, its low speed limits the application. In this thesis, a high-speed parallel RCA (PRCA) along with fault detection and localization is designed, by combining the salient features of Carry Select Adder (CSA) and carry look-ahead adder (CLA). Besides, the first carry-in bit for each block is generated by a carry look-ahead logic (CLL) to reduce the propagated delay. The proposed design is divided into blocks and the schematic design of each block is constructed by using Quartus II. The design module is created by using Synopsys tools and written in Verilog language. The compilation and synthesis of logic design is done on Design Compiler (DC). The results can be observed from the reports generated by the tool.
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- PublicationCryptographic Authentication-Based Mechanism For Securing Secs/Gem Communications For Industry 4.0 Manufacturing(2023-04)This thesis proposes SECS/GEM Security Mechanism (SGSM) that offers authentication, integrity, and protection against cyber-attacks. The proposed mechanism is compared with the standard SECS/GEM, Secured SECS/GEM, and SECS/GEMsec mechanisms in terms of processing time, control overhead, and resilience against cyber-attacks. The SGSM exhibited promising results, indicating that it effectively enabled SECS/GEM devices to only communicate with authorized industrial equipment, maintained message integrity, discarded forged messages, and prevented attacks such as Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, Replay attacks, and False-Data-Injection-Attack (FDIA) attacks launched on SECS/GEM communications.
- PublicationCharacterisation, Pathogenicity, And Mycotoxin Analysis Of Fungal Endophytes Of Corn (Zea Mays L.) In Peninsular Malaysia(2022-06)Endophytes are microbes that infect internal tissues of host plants for all or part of their life cycles, without causing any visible symptoms of disease. Depending on a number of factors such as the developmental stage of both host plant and fungus, environmental factors, and host defence responses, fungal endophytes indwelling tissues of host plants may become latent plant pathogens. In Peninsular Malaysia, works on endophytic fungi carried out so far have focused mainly on their ecological and functional roles in enhancing plant growth and other survival attributes, while much remains unknown regarding the disease initiation, and mycotoxin-producing potentials of fungal endophytes especially of corn and other cereal crops. Thus, the present study was carried out to identify, evaluate the pathogenicity, and investigate the mycotoxin-producing potentials of endophytic fungi resident in corn plants grown on different fields in Peninsular Malaysia. Using a combination of morphological and molecular techniques, endophytic fungi recovered from tissues of corn plants were identified in seven genera, namely Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, and Curvularia. Based on BLAST search and phylogenetic analysis of combined β-tubulin and TEF-1α sequences, endophytic Fusarium species isolated from corn plants were molecularly identified as F. pseudocircinatum, F. verticillioides, F. andiyazi, F. sacchari, F. mangiferae, F. fujikuroi, F. proliferatum, and F. incarnatum. Endophytic Penicillium species were identified as P. oxalicum, P. polonicum, and P. citrinum, based on ITS region and β- tubulin gene. Combined sequences of ITS region, β-tubulin, and Calmodulin genes were used to identify endophytic Aspergillus species as A. flavus, and A. tubingensis, ITS region and β-tubulin gene for the identification of A. pullulans, ITS region and ACT gene for identification of C. tenuissimum, while combined ITS region and LSU gene were used for identification of E. sorghinum and C. lunata.
- PublicationCombined effects of oat bran supplementation and jogging exercise on body composition, blood lipid profiles and cardiorespiratory endurance in female university students.(2015)It is known that beta-glucan in oat bran could reduce level of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and increase high density lipoprotein (HDL-C). Meanwhile, aerobic exercise is known to be beneficial to improve body composition and increase maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). However, the additional combined effect of oat bran supplementation and aerobic exercise is still lacking. To investigate the effectiveness of combined oat bran supplementation and jogging exercise compared to oat bran supplementation alone or jogging exercise alone on body composition, lipid profiles and cardiorespiratory endurance in female university students. 48 female university students were randomly assigned to 4 groups: control (C), oat bran supplementation alone (Ob), Exercise alone (Ex) and combined oat bran and exercise (ObEx) groups. Pre- and post tests were carried out to measure participants’ body anthropometry, body composition, blood lipid profiles and predicted VO2max. During the intervention period, participants in Ob and ObEx groups consumed oat bran daily for 6 weeks. Participants in ObEx consumed oat bran 1 hour before jogging exercise on the exercise days. Participants in Ex and ObEx groups carried out jogging exercise 3 days per week for 6 weeks. There were no significant changes in percentage body fat and fat free mass in all groups. Statistically, significant reductions in TC (-13.57%), TG (- 20.65%), LDL-C (-10.77%) and V02max (5.9%) were observed in ObEx group. In Ob group, there were significant reduction in TC (-11.42%) and LDL-C (- 9.16%). Similarly, significant reductions in TC (-9.43%) and LDL-C (-8.0%) were also observed in Ex group. ObEx group showed significant increase in VOsmax and the increase in VChmax was the highest among all the groups. Combination of oat bran supplementation and jogging exercise significantly reduced level of total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, however did not affect high density lipoprotein cholesterol level. This combination also improved participant’s cardiorespiratory endurance. In general, the combination of oat bran and jogging exercise elicited more beneficial effects on blood lipid profiles and cardiorespiratory endurance compared to control, oat bran supplementation alone and exercise alone groups. Therefore, this combination can be recommended for improving lipid profiles and cardiovascular fitness in young female population.
- PublicationA study of quality of life in children with cancer in hospital universiti sains malaysia, kelantan, Malaysia.(2012)Holistic approach not only involve optimizing anti-cancer treatment but also improving Health Related Quality of Life. PedsQL™ Cancer Module is a widely used validated and developmentally appropriate questionnaire designed to measure pediatric cancer specific HRQOL for children age 2 to 18 years. This is the first report validating and assessing children and also first proxy report in HRQOL of children treated for cancer using cancerspecific and developmentally-appropriate questionnaire for children in Malaysia. The participants were children and their caretakers with various types of cancers who received treatment in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). The PedsQL consists of 2 sets of questionnaires, which are pediatric quality of life self-report for children ages 5-12 years and parent-proxy report of child QOL questionnaire. PedsQL™ Cancer Module was culturally and linguistically validated into Malay version as recommended by MAPI Research Institute. Lingusitic validation included forward and backward translation, face and content validation and reliability test. Reliability was determined by internal consistency using Cronbach alpha and test-retest reliability using Intra-class Coefficient Efficiency. The validated Malay version PedsQL™ 3.0 Cancer Module (Malay) was administered to 107 children with cancer (for aged 5 to 18 years) and 137 parental proxies (for aged 2 to 18 years) in HUSM, Kelantan, Malaysia. Paired t-test was used to determine the mean difference between child and parental proxy HRQOL scores (except for age group 2 to 4). Multifactorial ANOVA was used to compare the mean scores of HRQOL between groups (on treatment versus completed treatment). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from 0.77 to 0.93 for children and 0.80 to 0.93 for parental proxy reports. The Intra-class correlation coefficient was between 0.88 to 0.92 for children reports and 0.86 to 0.91 for parental proxy reports. The parental-proxy HRQOL reports scored significantly lower compared to children across all age groups [68.9 (19.20) vs 73.4 (18.8)]. The mean cut-off point for domain at risk of impaired HRQOL (less than 70) was ‘Procedural Anxiety’ across all age groups (between 39 to 65.9). After adjusted for gender and diagnoses, there was also significantly lower HRQOL score between ‘ontreatment’ and ‘completed treatment’ group across most of the age groups (except parental proxy reports for 2-4 and 8-12). PedsQL 3.0 Cancer module (Malay version) was linguistically validated and comparable to original and other translated questionnaire. Administration of the questionnaire to children with cancer and their proxy revealed that parental proxy reports tend to underestimate the HRQOL of children. “Procedural Anxiety” was identified as the main HRQOL affected subscale in our children. Children on treatment generally had impaired HRQOL independent of gender and diagnoses.
- PublicationTrace Element Supplementation In Palm Oil Mill Effluent (Pome) Anaerobic Digestion System For Methane Yield Enhancement(2019-08)Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is an organic waste which can be converted into biogas (methane) as renewable energy by anaerobic digestion. Among the strategies for improving the methane yield of POME, the aspect of trace element has been neglected. From the literatures, iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) are the most demanded elements for the anaerobic digestion system as micronutrient. Not forgetting, the element bioavailability must be considered, as it is more representative which reflects the available amount of element for interacting with the biological systems.
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