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- PublicationThe nutritional, texture profile and sensory evaluation of cupcake using pumpkin puree as a fat replacer(2025)Cupcakes are renowned for their delicious flavours and visually appealing embellishments, making them one of the most popular treats in the world. Nevertheless, these little cakes frequently contain a lot of calories. To address this issue, the study proposes the use of pumpkin puree as a fat replacer in order to reduce the fat content of the cupcake. Pumpkins are praised for their high nutritious content and health advantages. Since they contain a lot of water, they are low in calories and a great source of dietary fiber. Particularly abundant in pumpkins is beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A that promotes immunity, skin health and vision. Therefore, this study aims to compare the proximate analysis, texture profile and sensory acceptability of cupcake prepared using pumpkin puree as a fat replacer. In this study, four types of samples were prepared which are control cupcake and cupcake with 20%, 30% and 40% of pumpkin puree. The analysis encompasses evaluations of moisture, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrate, calorific value, colour and texture profile analysis (TPA). Additionally, sensory evaluation by panelists is conducted to determine appearance, colour, aroma, texture, taste and overall acceptability. The result from the sample prepared by using 40% pumpkin puree as a fat replacer had the highest result for moisture, ash and protein, while the control sample had the lowest in moisture, ash and protein. The fat content of sample with 40% of pumpkin puree has been reduced with a mean of 10.99 as compared to control sample with a mean of 18.25. The results from TPA show that samples prepared using 40% pumpkin puree as a fat replacer had the lowest score for firmness but highest in springiness. The results of samples prepared with 30% of pumpkin puree had the highest score for firmness. Control cupcake had the highest value for L* (colour) while cupcake with 40% of pumpkin puree had the highest value for a* and b*. The result from sensory evaluation shows that samples prepared with 40% of pumpkin puree had the highest score for appearance, aroma and texture, while the control samples had the highest value for taste and overall acceptability. The result of samples prepared with 30% of pumpkin puree had the highest score for colour by panelists. Eventually, out of various samples, 40% of pumpkin puree substantially lower the calorie content of bakery products.
- PublicationOral Health Education Module for Mothers (OHEM)(2025)This study investigates the nutritional content of chicken nuggets and sausages from diverse brands in the Malaysian market, focusing on three important nutrients: sodium, fat, and protein. It addresses the lack of comparative data essential for informed consumer choices and public health strategies in light of Malaysia's growing consumption of ultra-processed foods. Nutritional information was obtained from product labels, and statistical analysis, including the Kruskal-Wallis test, was used to identify differences. The assessment showed consistency of nutrient compositions in all chicken nuggets where there is no significant difference between nutrients in nuggets. However, the study found significant differences in the sodium, fat, and protein content of sausages, depending on the brand and flavor. Notably, the original flavor has the lowest sodium and fat content. Regarding protein content, cheese flavors have the highest protein level. The study emphasizes the usage of price-effectiveness to ensure nutrient intake efficiency and highlights the importance of standardized portion sizes and clear, accurate labeling. These findings offer valuable guidance for consumers, policymakers, and food manufacturers, supporting efforts to promote healthier dietary choices and implement regulatory measures to improve the nutritional quality of processed meat products in Malaysia.
- PublicationComparative analysis of sodium, fat, and protein content in nuggets and sausages across diverse brands in the Malaysian market(2025-01)This study investigates the nutritional content of chicken nuggets and sausages from diverse brands in the Malaysian market, focusing on three important nutrients: sodium, fat, and protein. It addresses the lack of comparative data essential for informed consumer choices and public health strategies in light of Malaysia's growing consumption of ultra-processed foods. Nutritional information was obtained from product labels, and statistical analysis, including the Kruskal-Wallis test, was used to identify differences. The assessment showed consistency of nutrient compositions in all chicken nuggets where there is no significant difference between nutrients in nuggets. However, the study found significant differences in the sodium, fat, and protein content of sausages, depending on the brand and flavor. Notably, the original flavor has the lowest sodium and fat content. Regarding protein content, cheese flavors have the highest protein level. The study emphasizes the usage of price-effectiveness to ensure nutrient intake efficiency and highlights the importance of standardized portion sizes and clear, accurate labeling. These findings offer valuable guidance for consumers, policymakers, and food manufacturers, supporting efforts to promote healthier dietary choices and implement regulatory measures to improve the nutritional quality of processed meat products in Malaysia.
- PublicationData mining approach to assess the significant movement indicators that distinguish people with and without knee oa.(2023-07-07)Degeneration of the articular cartilage, the flexible, slick substance that typically shields bones from joint friction and impact, is what constitutes knee osteoarthritis (OA). The disorder can also damage neighboring soft tissues and results in alterations to the bone that lies beneath the cartilage. Limited studies reported on significant movement indicators distinguishing individuals with and without knee OA. Hence, this study aims to investigate the differences in movement patterns specifically knee bending angles between the two categories using data mining approach. Two case studies concerning knee flexion angle & knee radiographic status were employed: from experimental and publicly available data. Numeric data and nominal data were analyzed using statistical analysis (Minitab) and data mining tool (WEKA). Data classification was performed using Node CART classification from Minitab and ZeroR, Naïve Bayes Multinomial Text classifier, LWL, LMT, Random Forest and Decision Stump algorithms to categorize all the attributes into designed class attributes. The main findings reveal that the classification algorithm (Decision Stump) performance accuracy was 93.33% and 86.67% for both Case Study 1 and Case Study 2 respectively. There is a strong relationship of three analysis identified between active knee ROM and knee OA.
- PublicationProduktivity improvement of electronic product manufacturing systems with data analysis and simulation(2023-07)This thesis presents a comprehensive framework for improving productivity in the electronic product manufacturing industry, with a focus on a specific Surface Mount Technology (SMT) production line of a company in the northern area of Malaysia. The main objective is to enhance efficiency and effectiveness by utilizing data-driven decision-making and advanced simulation modeling with the collected data. The framework integrates real-time data collection, analysis, and visualization with dynamic simulation models to identify bottlenecks, optimize production flows, and assess the impact of potential improvement strategies. The research findings are validated through a real-world case study, demonstrating significant productivity improvements, including optimized production scheduling, reduced cycle times, and increased throughput. Overall, the thesis contributes valuable insights for decision-makers to enhance productivity, reduce costs, and meet customer demands in the highly competitive electronic product manufacturing market.
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- PublicationAnalyses of battery cell utilisation in an electric vehicle(2024-08)This This thesis investigates enhancing battery management systems (BMS) for electric vehicles (EVs) through redundant cells and active balancing mechanisms. The main goals are to improve the reliability and efficiency of EV battery packs, optimize redundant cell use, and enhance fault tolerance and diagnostics. A MATLAB Simulink model simulates a battery pack with 20 lithium-ion cells, a boost converter, and a DC motor running at 50 km/h. The initial State of Charge (SOC) for each cell was set between 80% and 85%. The active balancing system maintained uniform SOC across all cells, optimizing cell utilization and extending the battery pack's lifespan. In fault conditions, such as the failure of Cell 19, the system demonstrated robust fault tolerance by compensating with the remaining cells and maintaining stable outputs to the motor. The system's fault detection and isolation mechanisms effectively managed current flow, ensuring stable voltage and current. The study shows that active balancing enhances the reliability, longevity, and safety of EV battery packs by preventing overheating and complying with industry standards. This research addresses critical issues in the EV industry, such as uneven cell utilization and battery degradation. Future research should focus on improving BMS safety and reliability with advanced fault detection algorithms, comprehensive thermal management, and adaptive balancing. Additionally, using safer materials in battery construction and developing a user-friendly interface for real-time monitoring will enhance user experience and trust in the technology. This thesis provides a solid foundation for future BMS advancements, promoting the broader adoption of electric vehicles.
- PublicationOptically Pumped Lasing Properties Of ZnO Nanorods(2018-11)The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of optically pumped laser from the ZnO nanorods grown by using the two-step chemical bath deposition (CBD). Samples are grown on two types of substrates, glass and sapphire wafer, AI2O3. Various conditions and treatments of the samples have been introduced to observe the optical emission mainly by manipulating the thickness of ZnO seed layer thin film and the heat treatment condition. The procedures for CBD process is fixed for four hours at 97“C for growth process with the solutions of 0.05 M of zinc nitrate (Zn(NO.3)2.6H2O) and 0.05 M of hexamethylenetetramine (11 MT).
- PublicationPower system reliability analysis considering renewable energy source(2024-07)The study about renewable energy to meet electrical demand has received a lot of interest recently due to worries about limited energy resources. It is also rising public awareness of the potential negative impacts of traditional energy systems. Developments in wind generation technology are going to continue in promoting the use of wind energy in standalone and grid-connected systems. Wind generators operate much differently from conventional generators due to the unpredictability of events. Because of this, power system engineers and designers must carefully consider the reliability issues associated with renewable energy sources. The reliability assessment is done by simulating Monte Carlo simulation in MATLAB software. It is started by collecting data and parameters regarding the wind turbines from real world data. The data then being processed through Monte Carlo simulation and reliability indices are executed. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to compare the available model on several reliability indices. Convergence charts of failure rates, repair rates, FOR, LOLE and WENS also be displayed in the result and discussion section to visualize the stabilized values of the indices. The research work presented in this thesis focuses on assessing many reliability indices such as failure rates, repair rates, FOR, LOLE and WENS. This paper also implemented IEEE-RTS to execute LOLE to have the reliability assessed integrated with IEEE standards. By using information from IEEE-RTS, a wind farm is integrated at Bus 1 of the model. Then, the load data from the paper is utilized into the simulation. The models, techniques, findings, and discussion in this thesis offer useful information for evaluating the suitability of composite electric power systems that integrate wind energy conversion systems.
- PublicationDesign of class e power amplifier(2010-04-01)This project is about the study and design of RF power amplifier circuit. The rapid growth of wireless communications requires more advanced and high performance of the power amplifier circuit. Power amplifier play a important role to convert dc-input power into significant amount of RF/ microwave output power so that the RF signal have enough power transmit trough an antenna. However, the power amplifier itself is the most power consuming part and also the main cause of signal distortion in a transceiver circuit. The class E amplifier, introduced by Sokal, has superior drain efficiency and low stress on the transistor in which no simultaneous high voltage and high current in the transistor; that minimizes power dissipation. Notice that transistor is the major power losses contributor in power amplifier circuit. In this project, class E power amplifier with 2.4 GHz operating frequency, 72.68 % drain efficiency, 14.8642 mW of output power with 3 different circuit configurations by using 0.13 μm were being simulated. The accuracy of the simulation results were verified by the literature. By comparing the 3 configurations, class E power amplifier with common source and source follower as the pre-amplifier stage has the highest power gain value among the 3 configuration.