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- PublicationPublic Space Design Optimisation Guideline: A Case Study Children’s Hospital Service Design In Guangzhou, China(2025-07)Since the implementation of China's three-child policy, there has been a noticeable increase in potential patients at children's hospitals. This shift has heightened awareness of children's needs and driven hospitals to improve service quality. Existing research has identified several issues in the service experience of public spaces in children's hospitals that require comprehensive analysis and effective solutions. Service design is increasingly recognized as a valuable approach to enhancing the service experience in these settings and is expected to become a key aspect of hospital design in the coming years. However, many studies have focused primarily on spatial or decorative elements, often neglecting the human-centered care and systematic consideration of the overall medical experience. This study aims to analyze and optimize the service experience in public spaces of children's hospitals.
- PublicationComparison of visibility and successful block between echoplex+® and stimuplex ultraline® 360° echogenic needle during ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block for upper limb surgery(2021)Background: Needle visibility is an important factor for the success of ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block (USG SCBPB). This study aimed to compare the needle visibility, the duration of block performance and the success of block between two echogenic needles, Echoplex+ ® and Stimuplex® Ultraline 360°. Methods: A total of 70 patients, scheduled for upper limb surgery under USG-SCBPB, were randomised into 2 groups; Group E (n=35) was blocked using Echoplex+® needle and Group S (n=35) was blocked using ® Ultraline 3600 needle. The visibility of the needle, the duration of block performance and the success of block were recorded. Results: Needle visibility was comparable between both groups with a slightly higher percentage of good visibility in the Group S than the Group E [65.7 % vs 45.7 %; p=0.241]. The median of the duration of block performance [11.0 (IQR 6) vs. 10.0 (IQR 4); p=0.278] and the percentage of adequate block [88.6% vs 88.6%; p=0.565] were also comparable between the Group E and the Group S. Conclusions: Both echogenic needles, Echoplex+® and Stimuplex® Ultraline 360° were comparable in visibility, duration of block performance and the success of block during USG SCBPB.
- PublicationA Study Of Incarcerated Women Drug Traffickers In Penang Prison, Malaysia(2025-06)This study focuses on incarcerated women drug traffickers in Penang Prison and examines three main areas: (1) describing the profile of incarcerated women drug traffickers in Penang Prison, (2) examining the socio-economic conditions contributing to women’s involvement in drug trafficking crime, and (3) identifying the impact of the criminal justice system on these women.
- PublicationDevelopment, Optimization And Characterization Of Cisplatin Loaded Cubosomes For Human Lung Carcinoma(2025-06)Lung cancer remains a major global health challenge due to the limitations of conventional therapies. Platinum-based chemotherapy, such as cisplatin, is widely used but hindered by systemic toxicity and rapid clearance. To address these issues, we developed a novel glyceryl monooleate (GMO)-based cubosomes platform for sustained cisplatin delivery, leveraging its unique bicontinuous lipid structure to overcome encapsulation and release limitations of existing nanocarriers like liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles.
- PublicationEffect of different fetal back position during early labour on maternal comfort and birth outcomes(2022)OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the maternal preferred lateralisation position at early labour and the effect of fetal back positions in relation to maternal lateralisation position during active labour on maternal comfort, as well as the delivery outcomes to both mother and fetus in the same and opposite maternal lateralization-fetal spine concordance. STUDY METHOD: This prospective cohort study involved pregnant women who attended to labour room at Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II with singleton pregnancies in early labour at 37 weeks of gestation and beyond. Fetal occiput and spine position was confirmed by transabdominal ultrasound examination, and the maternal preference position at early labour was identified. The patients were randomly categorized to a 1:1 ratio based on their preferred maternal lateral position. The maternal comfort score was assessed during the delivery process. Data were analysed using multivariate analyses. RESULT: The preferred maternal position was associated to the same maternal lateralization-fetal spine concordance (p<0.001). Higher means comfort score in same lateral position of the mother and fetal back during labour with significant difference of mean comfort score between different group of maternal position (p-value 0.047). A significant association between maternal position and CTG (p<0.001), with the same position having more cases of normal CTG. Duration of labour, mode of delivery, the requirement of analgesia, and Apgar score were not associated with lateralization of the mother and fetal back position during labour CONCLUSSION: In this study, the parturient were preferred and more comfortable lying in the same lateral position with their fetal back with a reassuring fetal heart rate pattern
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- PublicationPengembangan standard operating procedures untuk kegiatan operational sistem hawa dingin dewan-dewan(2002-03-01)This project has been going on in order to produce standard operating procedures for the operating of centralized air conditioning system in all lecture halls in Northern University of Malaysia (UUM) in line with ISO 9000. Beside, this project will make sure centralized air conditioning system will run in a smooth manner without any major break down. All minor problems can be solved immediately which will not affect the users. This system will plan and identify specific job to be carried out in standard procedures with detail format. These will assist workers to understand jobs, activities and paper work to be done in a systematic ways. This standard system can be achieved with the proper order of work, control, maximum resources, training and motivation. It is very important that all parties involved make constructive decision with the given information so that centralized air conditioning system can operate smoothly.
- PublicationStudy On Cross-Cultural Connections Of Malaysia-China Shadow Puppet Through Iconological And Contextual Analyses(2025-02)This study explores the cross-cultural connections between malaysian wayang kulit and chinese shadow puppetry, focusing on their shared artistic features and unique cultural dimensions through iconological and contextual analyses. By conducting a comprehensive investigation, this research unveils the profound artistic essence of shadow puppetry, fostering a deeper understanding of these traditions and promoting their preservation and evolution. The study begins by tracing shadow puppetry's historical trajectory and development in both nations. Using meticulous document analysis, it examines the origins of shadow puppetry in malaysia and its evolution within china’s central plains. This exploration highlights the potential pathways through which chinese shadow puppetry influenced malaysian wayang kulit, shedding light on the intricate web of cultural exchange and interaction. An essential focus of this research is the analysis of cultural characteristics embedded in shadow puppetry. Employing panofsky’s iconological approach, the study identifies shared cultural metaphors and symbols in puppet designs, colours, and forms. Additionally, it applies malinowski’s contextual theory to understand the influence of cultural and situational contexts on the development and adaptation of shadow puppetry in both traditions.
- PublicationAn Enhanced Mechanism To Detect Drdos Attacks On Dns Using Adaptive Thresholding Technique(2023-03)Demand for cyberspace-enabled services has expanded dramatically in recent years, in lockstep with the global Internet user population expansion. This rising demand for these services has increased the number of cyber threats launched by attackers, as well as the diversity and sophistication of the attack strategies used to target those services. By exploiting DNS flaws, cyber attackers conduct a Distributed Reflection Denial of Service (DRDoS) attack. As a result, these types of attacks exploit the method, functionality, and operation of open DNS resolvers to compromise the DNS. Additionally, to intensify the attack by boosting the attack bandwidth to overwhelm the victim with a vast number of DNS answers. As a result, traditional mechanisms are incapable of detecting these types of cyberattacks. As a result, existing detection mechanisms are unable to detect these forms of cyber intrusions. Thus, this thesis presents a mechanism for detecting DRDoS attacks on DNS that is strengthened by the use of modified metaheuristic algorithms and adaptive thresholding techniques based on machine learning algorithms (EMDDMAT).
- PublicationDevelopment of butter cookies using seaweed (kappaphycus alvarezii) flour and overripe banana sweetener by response surface methodology and sensory evaluation(2024-08)This study was conducted to develop a high dietary fibre and low glycaemic index healthy cookie for using seaweed flour (Kappaphycus alvarezii) to replace wheat flour, overripe banana sweetener (OBS) replacing table sugar, and butter replacing margarine. A total of three factors were set, each with a different percentage of seaweed flour (0%, 4%, 4%), OBS (0%, 50%,100%), and butter (50%, 50%, 100%) to replace flour, sugar and margarine. The ratios/levels of seaweed flour, OBS, and butter in the butter cookies’ formulation were optimized using Box Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM). The physicochemical properties of cookies, such as texture profile analysis, nutrient analysis, total dietary fibre, and colour, were also assessed. Sensory evaluations involving 30 untrained panellists were conducted to determine the acceptability levels of the cookie. The results showed that the increment of seaweed flour in the formulations increased the weight (18.22 g), crispness (2.21 mm), and thickness (10 mm). Furthermore, the addition of seaweed flour reduced the diameter (53.8 mm), firmness (2.05 kg), and spread ratio (5.38). Two optimal formulations were obtained: experiment 12 (seaweed 4%, OBS 100%, butter 50%) and experiment 14 (seaweed 4%, OBS 50%, butter 50%). These two experiments were subjected to organoleptic evaluations and nutritional analyses in comparison with the control (seaweed 0%, OBS 0%, butter 50%). The addition of 4% seaweed flour, 50% OBS, and 50% butter to the formulation increased the composition of ash (2.53%), moisture (8.02%), and fat (20.92%), while the composition of protein (6.88%) and carbohydrate (62%) was slightly reduced. In addition, there was an increase in total dietary fibre (16.61%) for 4% seaweed-contained cookies as compared to the control sample. In the sensory evaluation, the overall scores for the control cookie (0%) and the 4% cookie combined with seaweed flour were not significantly different for all attributes. However, the addition of 4% seaweed flour and 50% OBS resulted in the highest scores for aroma, flavour, and overall acceptance attributes. In conclusion, substituting 4% seaweed flour to replace wheat flour, 50% OBS to replace table sugar, and 50% butter to replace margarine could be an effective combination to produce nutritious and tasty cookies. Therefore, Kappaphycus alvarezii able to improve the nutritional composition of cookie and has the potential to be used as an alternative ingredient for the development of high dietary fibre and nutritious bakery products.
- PublicationGenetic association of abcg2 gene polymorphisms with tac chemotherapy response in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients(2020)Introduction Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer. Due to the lack of hormone receptors, chemotherapy using Taxane-Adriamycin-Cyclophosphamide (TAC) regimen remains the mainstay of TNBC treatment, and is the only choice of treatment available for TNBC. However, TNBC is characterized by high risk of recurrence, metastasis, and chemoresistance, and is associated with inter-individual variability in treatment response. Despite several mechanisms have been implicated in anticancer drug resistance, the exact mechanism of chemoresistance in TNBC remains unclear. A defective transport is a major mechanism of resistance. Transmembrane transport proteins such as breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) encoded by ABCG2 can cause chemoresistance by means of increased efflux transportation of the drug out of the cell, hindering its molecular action on cancer cells. It was hypothesized that, the genetic variations G34A and C421A of ABCG2 gene, that impair substrate efflux could be associated with chemoresistance in TNBC patients undergoing chemotherapy and designed this study to test this hypothesis. Methodology Blood samples from 76 Malaysian TNBC patients who had undergone Taxane-Adriamycin-Cyclophosphamide (TAC) chemotherapy regimen were collected and stored in EDTA tube. DNA was extracted from these blood samples and genotyped using PCR-RFLP technique. The genotypes were categorized into homozygous wildtype, heterozygous and homozygous variant based on the band sizes on gel electrophoresis. The difference in genotype frequencies between chemoresistant and chemoresponsive groups was determined by using crosstabs analysis. The association between the genotypes and alleles with TAC chemotherapy response was determined by using binary logistic regression analysis deriving Odds Ratio (OR) with confidence interval (CI) of 95% on SPSS version 20.2. Haplotype frequencies between the chemoresistant and chemoresponsive groups of TNBC patients and their association with treatment response was calculated using Haploview software v4.2. Results The heterozygous (GA) and homozygous variant (AA) genotypes of the ABCG2 G34A polymorphism showed a significantly lower risk association with chemoresistance [(OR= 0.303, p=0.029) and (OR= 0.151, p=0.011) respectively]. Whereas the heterozygous (CA) and homozygous variant (AA) genotypes of C421A showed statistically insignificant low risk association with chemoresistance, [OR=0.481, p=0.251; OR=0.412, p=0.113 respectively]. The variant A allele of both SNPs [with OR=0.320, p=0.002 and OR=0.487, p=0.039 respectively] and haplotypes GA, CA and AA [with ORs=0.020, 0.002 and 0.00004, respectively] also showed significantly lower risk association with chemoresistance. It is reasonable to suggest that the variant genotype (AA) and variant allele (A) of G34A and C421A decrease the expression and transporter activity of ABCG2, lower the efflux activity of chemotherapeutic drugs, resulting in increased intracellular accumulation of the drug and thereby improve the efficacy of chemotherapy and lower the risk of chemoresistance. Conclusion These findings suggest that the ABCG2 G34A polymorphism may be useful as a potential biomarker to predict chemotherapy response in TNBC patients