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- PublicationHost rock geochemistry and ree content of air piau deposit, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia(2025-08-08)Air Piau gold deposit represents a significant example of gold mineralization hosted within quartz veins formed by hydrothermal processes in Peninsular Malaysia. To better understand the genesis of these gold-bearing quartz veins and information future exploration tactics, this study examines the geochemistry and their rare earth element (REE) content that linked to them. Following extensive field sampling of quartz veins and nearby wall rocks, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used for laboratory analysis. The existence of sulphide minerals like pyrite and arsenopyrite is indicated by the XRF data, which show that the quartz veins are mostly made of high-purity silica with varying iron and sulphur enrichments. A structurally controlled hydrothermal origin with well-developed geochemical halos extending into the surrounding host rocks is suggested by the high correlation between gold values and elevated quantities of arsenic and antimony, as confirmed by ICP-MS analysis. Results indicate that Air Piau’s metamorphic host rock was composed was mostly made up of greenschist, with various amounts of albite, epidote, and staurolite minerals present (greenschist was transformed into amphibolite facies) and it was distorted as a fault. The combined geochemical signatures and dispersion trends provide valuable insights for delineating prospective zones within the Air Piau area and support the development of more effective exploration models for similar gold deposits in the region.
- PublicationProperties of different types of polymers and polymer kenaf pulp laminated composites(2025-08-04)This study investigates the properties of polymer kenaf pulp laminated composites using biodegradable polymer matrix, polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT). In this study, polypropylene (PP) a synthetic polymer is used as a control. The study aims to compare the mechanical, thermal, and flammability properties of the polymer and polymer kenaf pulp laminated composites. The effect of the polymer composites on accelerated weathering test tested at 240 and 480 hours on flexural properties and morphology was investigated. Flexural test, horizontal burning test and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the samples. Accelerated weathering test was performed for 240 and 480 hours using a Q-SUN Xenon chamber. PLA showed the highest flexural strength (80 MPa), which increased by 87% to 150 MPa when reinforced with kenaf pulp, followed by PBAT kenaf composites (25%) and PP kenaf composites (22%). PLA kenaf composites showed the highest flexural strength and modulus compared to PBAT and PP kenaf composite. PLA and PLA kenaf composite demonstrated good fire resistance among the samples. After 480 hours weathering test, PLA undergoes 82% loss in flexural strength as compared to PBAT (36.8% loss) and PP (44.3% loss). In contrast, PP kenaf composites degraded moderately (57.5% loss), followed by PLA kenaf composite (48.2%) and PBAT kenaf composite (35.8%). Fire resistance of PLA is good even after weathering test as compared to PBAT and PP. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that the addition of kenaf pulp significantly enhances the mechanical properties of polymers, and accelerated the biodegradation rate of the polymers composites, especially in PP kenaf pulp and PLA kenaf pulp laminated composite
- PublicationSynthesis of green pest repellent from multiple plants and evaluation of agronomic performance(2025-08-04)The increasing demand for sustainable agriculture has driven the development of eco-friendly pest control alternatives. This study developed a broad-spectrum green pest repellent from five medicinal plants: Justicia adhatoda, Ocimum basilicum, Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, and Ficus carica. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) was optimized using ethanol-water mixtures to efficiently recover bioactive compounds. Spectroscopic analyses including Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), confirmed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which are associated with insecticidal and antimicrobial properties. Although individual extractions yielded slightly higher Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), the grouped extraction method was selected for its simplicity and efficiency with minimal compromise in bioactivity. The extracts were formulated into nano-emulsions and evaluated for stability. The best formulation (0.8% w/w extract, 8 minutes sonication) exhibited excellent characteristics, with a droplet size of 128.9 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.096, and zeta potential of −31.3 mV, as measured by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) at 1:30 dilution. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) confirmed uniform, spherical droplets. Bio-efficacy tests on Brassica juncea showed that 2X and 3X dosages significantly reduced pest populations and leaf damage. The improved performance was attributed to the nano droplet size, enhanced surface adhesion, and controlled release, leading to longer-lasting protection. Overall, this green nano-emulsion offers a scalable, sustainable, and effective alternative to synthetic pesticides
- PublicationImprovement Of Curve Construction Using Bi-Qt Bezier Curves And Approximation To Two Types Of Bezier Curves(2024-02)A new approach, namely an optimized bi-QT-Bezier, for fitting curves to given 2D, is proposed. The conventional approach includes additional constraints to uniquely determine the biarc. The proposed method integrates the formulation of a single biarc based on the Quadratic Trigonometric (QT)-Bezier curve with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The proposed bi-QT-Bezier curve is advantageous in curve fitting as it provides an optimized value of α from the PSO method.
- PublicationSynthesis and characterization of siderite clay-wood chip composite for arsenic adsorption(2025-08-08)Arsenic contamination in water, particularly in tin mining areas, poses a major threat to the environment and public health. Conventional arsenic removal methods often face limitations in terms of cost, efficiency, and sustainability, highlighting the need for more effective alternatives. This study developed a sustainable composite made from siderite, clay, and woodchips to enhance arsenic removal from tin mining wastewater. Four composite formulations, Ratio 1, Ratio 2, Ratio 3, and Ratio 4 were tested under thermal treatment at 200 °C, 500 °C, and 800 °C. The composites were shaped using three methods, pallet machine, milling, and hand shaping. Arsenic concentrations were analysed using ICP-OES to evaluate adsorption performance. The results showed that Ratio 1, treated at 500 °C and shaped using the pallet machine, achieved the best performance. Thermal treatment promoted siderite oxidation, producing reactive iron oxides such as goethite, ferrihydrite, and magnetite, which significantly improved arsenic adsorption. The composite is cost effective, with an estimated production cost of approximately RM 50-80 per kg, considerably lower than conventional adsorbents such as activated carbon. This composite offers a low cost, sustainable, and effective solution for arsenic remediation, and serves as a promising foundation for further optimization and large-scale application in water treatment systems in mining-affected regions
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- PublicationStability control for sea drone(2024-07)This project focuses on developing a gyrostabilizer-based stability control system to enhance sea drone performance in challenging marine environments. Leveraging the advanced technology of Seakeeper, known for its effectiveness in large marine vessels, this project aims to adapt and miniaturize the gyrostabilizer for use in small-sized unmanned surface vehicles (USV). The system integrates gyrostabilizers to counteract destabilizing forces like waves, employing Proportional-Integral (PI) and Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controllers to optimize and compare performance under varying sea conditions between both controllers. The project unfolds in four stages: fabricating the gyrostabilizer, tuning and simulating the controllers, testing their effects and conducting field tests on a monohull USV. The active control system uses an MPU6050 Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) to detect wave motion, a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor to operate the flywheel and a servo motor to control the gyrostabilizer's precession angle, dissipating wave disturbances. Evaluation results show the PI controller outperforms the LQR controller, reducing stabilization time by 95.42% when an external force applied on the USV while mean roll angle reduces by 34.19% and roll variability reduces by 56.32% in rough sea conditions. Conversely, the LQR controller reduces stabilization time by 91.15% when an external force applied but increases the mean roll angle by 135.87% and reduces roll variability by 58.12% in rough sea conditions. These findings highlight the PI controller's superior performance in enhancing sea drone stability in rough sea conditions.
- PublicationBzd9l1: Elucidation Of Its Anti-angiogenic Potential In In-vitro And In-vivo Colorectal Cancer Models(2023-09)Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer globally. CRC depends largely on angiogenesis for growth and metastasis. Much effort has been made to selectively target the angiogenic pathways to restrain tumour growth. However, some CRC patients become resilient to these anti-angiogenic drugs and standard therapies. The class III histone deacetylase family of sirtuins (SIRTs) has been closely linked to cancer progression but less is known about its activity in regulating tumour angiogenesis. BZD9L1 is a novel sirtuin inhibitor with demonstrated anti-cancer activities. This study aimed to investigate the anti-angiogenic potential of BZD9L1 on EA.hy926 endothelial cells (EC) in vitro and HCT116 tumour xenograft nude mice. The in vitro experiments comprised of cell viability assay, scratch wound assay, tube formation assay, spheroid sprouting assay, western blotting, angiogenesis array, cell cycle and apoptosis analysis via flow cytometry and finally, indirect co-culture model. Nude mice tumour xenograft model was used for the in vivo study, where hematoxylin and eosin staining was done to study the percentage of necrosis in the tumour section and immunohistochemistry was conducted to investigate the protein expression of Ki67 and CD34. BZD9L1 was shown to reduce cell viability, cell migration, tube formation, and spheroid sprouting of EC. BZD9L1 at 10μM was also shown to inhibit SIRT2 and SIRT3 protein in EA.hy926 cells. Angiogenesis array results revealed that the compound reduces the cytokine concentration of Angiogenin, bFGF, PDGF-BB, and PIGF significantly (P * < 0.05) compared to the control group
- PublicationPrevalence and determinants of Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) and carbohydrate intolerance in symptomatic Functional Bowel Disorder (FBD).(2020)Symptomatic Functional Bowel Disorder (FBD) has been a quite common presentation to the healthcare personnel. These patients often have other conditions that co-exist, such as Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) and carbohydrate intolerance. SIBO and carbohydrate intolerance tend to worsen the symptoms of FBD. With the hydrogen breath test readily available nowadays, we can easily diagnose SIBO and carbohydrate intolerance. The test is rather simple and safe. This allow us to tackle the issue of refractory FBDs and improving the symptoms of those who has FBDs. This retrospective cross-sectional study involved all subjects who were more than 12 years old and had undergone hydrogen breath test at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) Kubang Kerian from 1st January until 1st July 2019. The data were obtained from the subject’s medical record. We analysed the prevalence of SIBO and carbohydrate intolerance. We also analysed the associated factors using simple and multiple logistic regression. A total of 104 subjects were analysed. Among the 104 subjects, females were 51.9% (n=54), and males were 48.1% (n=50). The mean age of all the participants was 49.76 years old. The prevalence of SIBO, fructose intolerance /malabsorption, and lactose intolerance /malabsorption were 20%, 39% and 66% respectively. There were significant association between age (p≤0.050) and diabetes mellitus (p<0.001) with SIBO. There were no significant association factors found for the carbohydrate intolerance. It appears that lactose intolerance /malabsorption has higher prevalence in FBD compared to fructose intolerance /malabsorption and SIBO in this study. Not many significant associated factors for the three conditions that we studied were obtained.
- PublicationThe Role Of Self-Compassion In Romantic Relationship And Psychological Well-Being Among Emerging Adults In Malaysia(2023-01)The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-compassion, romantic relationship satisfaction, psychological well-being, as well as gender and ethnic differences in relation to self-compassion, among Malaysian emerging adults. This study specifically examined the mediating effect of trust (Trust in Close Relationship Scale), love expression (Adaptive Version of Affection Communication Scale), and commitment (The Commitment Scale) in the relationship between self-compassion (Self- Compassion Scale) and romantic relationship satisfaction (Relationship Assessment Scale).
- PublicationApplication of asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) in beam and truss (aplikasi “asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) dalam rasuk dan kekuda)(2004-02)There is always a misunderstanding that, when a force is applied on a structure (either beam or truss), the maximum deflection or displacement of the material is that shown in steady state. Actually, these structures will deform more than the displacement during the steady state. This is due to the moment caused by the forces as stated in Newton’s second law of motion (F=ma). Because of this unexpected higher magnitude of displacement, many products have failed to achieve its desirable quality. Micro-scale electronic packaging is a very good example. The wire boding equipment causes excessive deflection on electronic package, and damage the tiny component in the package. Earthquake, an undesirable and unexpected disaster, transferring vibration on bridge trusses. Most of the cases, the impulse force from earth fails the structure of bridge trusses. Therefore, dynamic analysis on structure is essential nowadays. Plenty of analysis procedures has been introduced. Among these methods, Finite element method (FEM) has given an accurate result besides of its flexibility. The FEM is a numerical method for solving problems of engineering and mathematical physics (Logan, 2001). However, implementation of Finite Element Method (FEM) in structural and other analysis usually will produce a formulation in space/time domain. This kind of space/time domain formulation leads to a set of ordinary differential equation and have to be solved in the time domain. An implementation of AWE scheme in first and second order ordinary differential equation shows a break through as compared with conventional method. This advanced, powerful and efficient scheme shows excellent result in electronic and thermal analysis (Ooi, 2003; Da-Guang Liu, 1995). In this thesis, AWE is pioneered in beam and truss analysis. Steady state response and dynamic response (before steady state) will be considered.
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