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- PublicationA study on depression, anxiety and stress among first year students at school of medical sciences, school of dental sciences and school of health sciences, Health Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan.(2015)Shahar, Sharifah Nor Hida Yah SyedChanges of a students from school environments to university environments could cause a psychological, academic and social shock to them, since this educational system has big different, make them to face variety of demands such as learned in a new method, have heavy workload, living away from families, the relations between students, and so on. This will make them more vulnerable to emotional disturbances such as depression, anxiety and stress. The objectives of this study are to identify the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress and the main sources of stressor among first year students at School of Medical Sciences, School of Dental Sciences and School of Health Sciences Health Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42) were used in order to meet the objectives and about 164 of first year students were involved in this study. The overall prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was 24.3%, 62.8% and 40.2% respectively. Between genders, the male students had significant association with depression while, School of Health Sciences also found had significantly association with depression. Regarding the sources of stressors, the top ten stressors decided by the students were mainly interpersonal and intrapersonal factors. Factors including change in living environment, increased workload, anticipation of graduation and change in social activities can be considered as source of stressors that possible caused for depression, anxiety and stress while, the most stressors was change in living environment.
- PublicationActivities teaching practices of children with disabilities in special education program in primar school in Kota Bharu.(2015)Rahman, SorayaPhysical and recreational activities are important and good for promoting development in learning, growth and health among children. Schools become the most important and suitable institution to promote the physical activity in children .Physical education (PE) help to develop and shaping the children’s behaviour. Thus well taught physical education (PE) and some supports given by the special education teachers may give some encouragement for children with disabilities to participate in physical activities. Special education teachers are teachers who responsible to teach and care for the children with special needs. Their responsibilities are quite heavy and challenging because they need to handle these children who suffered from mental, emotional, vision, and learning disabilities. They also play a big and important role to teach the skills and provide maximum physical activity time within the class period. Subsequently, 46 respondents were selected from five different schools to explore the recreational and physical activity teaching practices for children with disabilities in special education program in primary school in Kota Bharu. Teaching practices and teacher’s perception children with disabilities in physical and recreational activities were gathered and developed through questionnaire, which was modified from Hodge et.al (2004). All the data were analysed by using Simple frequency distribution method because it is easy and save time while for the data had been computed manually (DeVos, 2001). The important findings were discussed at length to determine the research objectives that led to the conclusions of this research. On the analysis of data and conclusions relevant recommendations were formulated.
- PublicationAnalysis of cadmium in infant milk powder using the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry.(2015)Isa, Siti Zaharah MdAn anodic stripping voltammetric (ASV) technique was used for determination of the cadmium in infant milk powder by using the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). Ten samples of infant milk powder which are suitable from zero to twelve months (one year) from different brands and manufactures from the hypermarket and pharmacies in Kubang Kerian area were bought and analyzed. The samples were digested in nitric acid solution by using microwave high pressure digestion technique at 210 °C. The determination of the cadmium trace elements was made in acetate buffer at pH 4.6 and was stirred at 2000 rpm. The optimize parameters for the voltammetric determination of the cadmium are: initial potential, Et = -0.70 V; final potential, Ef = 0.50 V; deposition potential, Eacc = -1.15 V; deposition time, tacc = 90 s; equilibrium time, teq= 10 s; sweep rate = 0.06 V/s; pulse amplitude = 0.05 V; and purge time = 300 s. Cadmium was not detected in all samples except for samples 9 and 10 which showed the Cd contents were about 12.458 ± 2.899 and 31.517 ± 4.320 ppb respectively. This amount is under limit state by the World Health Organization 1972 about 1 ug/kg/day cadmium for children.
- PublicationComparison of uptake 99mTcO4; 99mTc-dtpa and "mTc-mdp by breast cancer cell line(2015)Rafzi, Siti NoraisyahThe aim of this study is to determine the percentage uptake of different tracer by the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), hence finding the optimum condition for the cells to absorb the radiopharmaceuticals. In addition, this study is to investigate the number of cell viable for different radioactivity with different type of tracers used. In the other hand, this study also to show the reliability and applicability of well counter in measuring different activity of tracer. 100k number of MCF-7 cell lines were prescribed with 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 pCi of 99mTc-MDP, 99mTc-DTPA and 99mTc0.f inside 6-well plate and incubated for an hour at 37°C. After the incubation finished, the cells were washed with phosphate buffer saline solution (PBS) to remove the extracellular tracers (99n'Tc-MDP, "mTc-DTPA and 99mTc04') suspended in the cell media, leaving cells monolayer to detach them from the well's bottom, so that the cells can be transferred into centrifuge tubes. Trypsine was added into the cell monolayers to detach the from the well's bottom. The measurement of activity of the cells and the washed media were taken by using well-counter. The percentage uptake of 99mTc-MDP, 99mTc-DTPA and ""’TcOf into cells was calculated and analyzed. Results and discussion: Both 99mTc-DTPA and 99mTc-MDP shows the same pattern of percent intercellular uptake. While, TcOf shows different pattern of percent intercellular uptake. All of the tracers (99,nTc-MDP, 99mTc-DTPA and ""TcOf) have optimum uptake in the range of 200 pCi to 400 pCi. The percentage uptake of 99mTc-MDP, 99mTc-DTPA and 99mTc04’ are 66.04%, 65.91% and 44.06%,. The number of cell viable (cell count/mL) for each tracer was found to be reduced as the activity increased. It was highlighted that different radioactivity used (uCi) give different intercellular uptake measured from each tracer. Different radioactivity used (pCi) also affected the number of cell viability for each tracer. In future, for study of cell uptake by using well-counter with wipe test software is not so applicable as it show high sensitivity toward low radioactivity. The acceptance counting activities is up to approximately 37 kBq.
- PublicationCT number changes within depth in CT and CBCT images.(2015)Junit, Syarifah Nurfajrina SyedThis study was carried out to determine the effect of increased depth to CT number on CT and CBCT images. In addition, this study was done to establish scanning method on CT and CBCT modalities in order to provide more precise dosimetry calculation involving CT and CBCT. An electron density phantom with tissue equivalent plugs was used in this study. The plug phantoms of various tissue equivalent materials were placed at different depths between the centre and peripheral of the phantom and scanned using CT and CBCT modalities. Images for both modalities were acquired and CT numbers at different depth in the phantom were analyzed. The results showed that on CT images, water equivalent plug phantom showed highest changes of CT number from peripheral position to central position with 146.4% and the lowest was air cavity with 0.55%. The results in CBCT images showed that muscle tissue equivalent plug phantom gave the highest change of CT number at increased depth with 6842.17% and the lowest difference was given by dense bone tissue equivalent plug phantom with 11.72%. A comparison of change in CT number between CT and CBCT showed that CBCT images having higher rate of change of CT number from peripheral position to central position compared to that in CT images. As conclusion, the CT number was found to be significantly increase as the depth increased. Thus, dosimetry measurement using CT number is suggested to be done at central position of phantom considering the contribution of x-ray scattering to the point of measurement. A calibration of CT number is required for dosimetry measurement at positions nearer to the surface of medium.
- PublicationDetermination of Acute and Active Amoebic Liver Abscess.(2015)Amoebic liver abscess (ALA) is a deadly infection caused by the protozoa Entamoeba histolytica. At Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, diagnosis of ALA includes antibody detection using a commercial kit based on crude soluble antigens (CSA) of Entamoeba histolytica. However, this method may only be useful in non-endemic area and often cannot differentiate current and past infection when used in endemic areas. DNA-based techniques such as real-time PCR has been utilised to detect E. histolytica DNA of liver biopsy samples with high sensitivity and specificity, but the cost to perform this technique is high and can only be performed in laboratories where specialised equipment and trained personnel are available. This study aimed to identify acute and active infection of ALA by utilising crude soluble antigen (CSA) of E. histotyica to detect IgM and IgG4 respectively in ALA serum samples detected with the commercial IHA kit which detects total IgG. In this experiment, three types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were developed, namely CSA-IgG ELISA, CSA-IgG4 ELISA and CSA-lgM ELISA. The ELlSAs were successfully developed based on optimisation of parameters such as CSA concentration, first antibody (IgG, IgG4 dan IgM) and secondary antibody (anti-IgG, anti-IgG4 dan anti-IgM). The sensitivity of each ELISA was compared with the 30 positive ALA serum samples and 30 negative ALA serum samples that were confirmed by IHA. CSA-IgG ELISA showed a sensitivity and specificity of 96.7%; CSA-IgG4 ELISA revealed a sensitivity and specificity rates of 83.3% dan 90.0% respectively; and CSA-lgM ELISA were found to be 70.0% specific and 50.0% sensitive. In conclusion, this study revealed that 50.0% of the IHA confirmed ALA cases were probably acutely infected; and 83.3% of the confirmed ALA cases were probably active ALA cases.
- PublicationEstimation of exposure rate to nuclear medicine personnel during cardiac spect imaging using direct and indirect methods: a phantom study.(2015)Mubin, Zuraida AbThis study was to determine the exposure rate to personnel during the 99mTc cardiac SPECT imaging procedure using direct and indirect methods. In this study, the single head gamma camera model Symbia-E manufactured by Siemens and the dual head gamma camera model Philips Adac Forte were used to scan the cardiac phantom. The direct method was conducted by measuring the exposure rate from radioactive cardiac phantom using Victoreen 451P-RYR survey meter at various distances (0.5 m, 1.0 m, 1.5 m and 2.0 m). The indirect method was based on mathematical model of exposure rate. The results indicated that exposure rates from direct method were higher than indirect method for both single and dual head gamma camera. The percentage differences between direct and indirect method for 23.71 mCi 99mTc for single head cardiac SPECT imaging at various distances were between 57.35% and 75%. For 21.80 mCi 99mTc, the percentage differences were between 29.20% 19.70% and 50%. On the other hand, The percentage differences between direct and indirect method for 23.71 mCi 99mTc for dual head cardiac SPECT imaging were between 41.20% and 50%. For 21.80 mCi 99mTc, the percentage differences were between 16.70% and 48.70% and for 19.89 mCi 99mTc, the percentage differences were between 20% and 52.10%. As conclusion, the calculated exposure from indirect method for both single and dual head cardiac SPECT imaging were lower than the actual exposure obtained from a direct method. Measurement of the exposure rates received from the cardiac phantom is important to ensure minimal hazard to personnel in nuclear medicine department and to propose a safe working protocol for personnel performing cardiac SPECT imaging.
- PublicationExpansion, characterisation and differentiation of human neural stem cells(2015)Ye, Yee MayStroke irreversibly damages affected brain part, leading to permanent neuronal impairment. Neural stem cell (NSC)-based therapy is a potential stroke treatment due to its ability to self-renew and to differentiate into various viable neuronal cells for damaged brain tissue regeneration. Here, human NSCs were expanded from GIBCO® human NSC line and stroke patients’ brain subventricular zone (SVZ) tissue biopsy with ethical approval. NSCs obtained from GIBCO® cell line were used for pilot testing of NSC characterisation and differentiation ability in vitro. GIBCO® NSCs were cultured in complete StemPro®NSC SFM while human brain SVZ tissues were cultured in an adherent layer with serum-free medium containing bFGF and EGF. Characterisation of NSC was performed using qRT-PCR and Western blot; while NSC differentiation was performed using Neuron Differentiation Medium and Astrocytes Differentiation Medium. Both assays used human normal brain cell line (SVG-pl2) as negative control. qRT-PCR data illustrated that NSCs showed over 4000-fold difference in Nestin and 6000-fold difference in CD133 expression compared to SVG-pl2, indicated that Nestin and CD 133 were specific to NSC. These results were consistent with the Western blot data in which Nestin protein with approximately 200 kDa was identified in NSCs but was absent in SVG-pl2. Upon four days in culture with differentiation media, NSCs did not show morphological changes towards neurons and astrocytes respectively, compared to non-treated cells. This is due to the limited time available to perform this assay in present study. Longer culture duration which is more than one week will be performed in future to obtain more accurate result. Meanwhile, two clonal neurospheres were obtained from SVZ tissue culture, indicated that the
- PublicationHaemoglobin uptake in ring stage parasite-infected erythrocytes containing a fluorescent endocytic marker, tmr-dextran.(2015)Othman, Siti FairuzEarly studies of the endocytic process in malaria parasite-infected erythrocytes showed that uptake of the host erythrocyte cytoplasm is most active in mature stage parasites (trophozoites). The parasite was thought to feed by distinct endocytic structures termed cytostomes. Vesicles that bud from the cytostomes were proposed to migrate to and fuse with the digestive vacuole where haemoglobin digestion and haem detoxification were thought to take place. Recent studies using serial thinsection electron microscopy however have led to conflicting conclusions. Hence, the aim of this work was to re-examine the endocytic process of live and intact parasites under non-disruptive conditions using live cell imaging by confocal microscopy. Resealed erythrocytes containing an endocytic marker, TMR-dextran were prepared using an optimised ratio of erythrocyte to haemolysis buffer volume (1:3) to minimise loss of haemoglobin while achieving a relatively homogenous population. TMR-dextran labelled erythrocytes were invaded by the parasites with similar efficiency to normal erythrocytes. Young stage parasites (rings) based on the estimated time after invasion and the absence of haemozoin showed punctate structures containing TMR-dextran near the parasite periphery suggesting that they probably represent early endocytic events.
- PublicationIdentification of amino acid responsible for the binding of manganese ion in entamoeba histolytica choline kinase.(2015)Phang, Simon Hoi ThengAmoebiasis is an infection by Entamoeba histolytica that causes serious mortality and morbidity cases in developing countries. E. histolytica plasma membrane plays vital roles in survival, ranging from controlling substance movement across the cell to invasiveness of E. histolytica. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is one of the predominatant phospholipid of the plasma membrane in E. histolytica. PC synthesis begins with the phosphorylation of choline by choline kinase (CK). It is widely accepted that CK from other organisms utilizes magnesium ion (Mg2'r) as cofactor for phosphorylation. Interestingly previous study showed unusual preference in manganese ion (Mg2+) by Entamoeba histolytica choline kinase (EhCK). Hence, this study aims to identify potential amino acid residue responsible for Mn2+ preference. Protein sequence alignment of selected CK and ethanolamine kinase (EK) was done. Glycine-45 residue was selected as a potential amino acid responsible for Mn2+ preference. Gly-45 was replaced by alanine using PCR site directed mutagenesis. Mutant EhCK-G45A was cloned into pGEX-RB vector, expressed and purified. No protein expression by mutant EhCK-G45A was observed. In addition, structural modeling of mutant E11CK-G45A was done. From the model generated Ala-45 resides in the loop region of the model. In conclusion, the study predicted the amino acid that favors Mn2+ binding and also generated EhCK mutant was done to lay the groundwork for future study on EhCK inhibition.
- PublicationKnowledge and attitude of final year nursing students towards pediatric pain at School Of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM).(2015)Razak, Siti Shaqwanah AbdPediatric pain is a challenging issue among healthcare workers; this includes nursing students as they will become nurses in future. Students nurses' knowledge and attitude towards pediatric pain seem to affect their pain assessment and management in pediatric during clinical practice. A cross sectional, descriptive statistic study was carried out to assess the knowledge and attitude of student nurses towards pediatric pain. Total of 100 final year nursing students in School of Health Sciences, USM completed the questionnaires by convenience sampling technique that the fits inclusion criteria. Data was statistically analyzed using the software package SPSS version 22. Statistical significance was considered at p value <0.05. Among 100 respondents (n=100), 74 (74.0%) respondents showed that they had moderate level of knowledge and 49 (49.0%) of the respondents had positive attitude. Independent t-test showed a significant association between clinical experience at pediatric unit with knowledge p<0.05 and attitude score p<0.05. Besides that, independent t-test also showed a significant association between level of education with knowledge score p<0.05 and attitude score p<0.05. In conclusion, this research finding indicated there were associations between clinical experiences in pediatric unit as well as level of education with knowledge and attitude among final year nursing students in USM.
- PublicationKnowledge and attitude of leptospirosis among students in School Of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia.(2015)Keroh, Theodora HabaiA cross sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude towards leptospirosis among students of School of Health Sciences in Universiti Sains Malaysia. The response rate of questionnaire distributed was 97.1%. A total of 301 respondents was randomly selected and recruited for this study. Self administered questionnaire consisted of questions on demographic data and knowledge and attitude of leptospirosis questions was distributed to all the respondents. Analysis of collected data is done using SPSS version 22.0 software. Respondents consisted of 96 (31.9%) males and 205 (68.1%) females with mean age of 21.63 (SD 1.1) years old. The age ranged from 20 to 24 years old. Based on the calculated mean percentage of total knowledge score, about 183 (60.8%) respondents had good knowledge whereas 118 (39.2%) respondents had moderate knowledge. No respondents claimed never heard of the disease which is considered as poor knowledge. With score >75% considered as satisfactory, attitude towards leptospirosis was generally good as 286 (95.0%) respondents obtained satisfactory attitude score and only 15 (5.0%) respondents obtained unsatisfactory score. Although knowledge on disease transmission and prevention strategies were high, students knowledge on common signs and symptoms of leptospirosis still need to be improved. Thus, this study recommend that health education program on leptospirosis should be implemented among students to prevent leptospirosis outbreak among students.
- PublicationKnowledge, attitude and practice among community in kota bharu, kelantan on dengue fever.(2015)Ismail, Zatil HidayahDengue fever has become serious public health problem in Malaysia. Due to absence of vaccine, the only effective method available is to prevent and control dengue is by preventing transmission of disease. However, the control measure needs support, cooperation and participation from community. A cross sectional study was carried out in two selected places in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The objectives of this study was conducted to determine association between knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among community on dengue fever, to identify differences of KAP among community on dengue fever by demographic background and to compare KAP between community in Kampung Pulau Melaka and Kampung Demit Darat. The simple random sampling was used for this study and the number of respondents involved was 175. Each of respondents was interviewed using questionnaires. Overall from this study, it can be concluded that the community in both places had high level of knowledge (63.4%), positive attitude (83.4%) and good level of practice (81.0%) on dengue fever. Television was the common source of information that they get to know about dengue (83.4%). From the result, there were no association between knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue fever (p>0.05). There were significant differences of knowledge on dengue fever between ages of the respondents (p=0.012), between level of education (p=0.002) and between dengue history (p=0.002). There were also have significant differences of knowledge and attitude on dengue fever between community in Kampung Pulau Melaka and Kampung Demit Darat (p=0.001). As for suggestions, the community can plan ‘gotong royong’ program to cut down bushes in their places to minimise the breeding places of Aedes mosquitoes.
- PublicationKnowledge, attitude and practices (on nutrition and oral health) of mothers and nutritional status of children: an association with Early Childhood Caries (ECC) of children attending private Taska in Kota Bharu, Kelantan.(2015)Yin, Wong ChenThe objective of the study is to investigate the association between knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) on nutrition, KAP on oral health of mothers and nutritional status (weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), BMI-for-age) of children with caries status (dmft) of their children aged 2-5 years old. This was a cross sectional study of 126 subjects from 8 private TASKA in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Tools using for this study were questionnaires of KAP on measurements and oral health measurement. Majority of the parents were from high socioeconomic status with the median monthly household income of RM4000.00. The results indicated that 1.6% of preschool children were severely underweight and 13.5 % respectively. The nutritional status of BMI-for-age indicated that 1.6% of them were overweight and obese respectively. Furthermore, the results also indicated that the preschool children who have no or low caries (dmft≤3) were 31.0%. For the assessment of KAP on oral health, most of the mothers have moderate knowledge (61.1%) and attitude (66.7%) while most of them have high practices (64.3%). For the assessment of KAP on nutrition, most of the mothers have high knowledge (75.4%) and attitude (84.1%) while most of them have moderate practices (56.3%). Maternal attitude on oral health was associated with caries status (r=-0.183, p<0.05). For nutritional status, indicator of HAZ was significantly correlated with caries status (1-0.185, p<0.05). As conclusion, both maternal attitude on oral health and indicator of HAZ were associated with early childhood caries.
- PublicationMicrobiological quality of sushi sampled from selected food outlets in Kota Bharu, Kelantan.(2015)Sandrasekharan, VanitaaAs a ready-to-eat food sushi is also prone to microbial contamination and it has been associated with food borne outbreaks. A study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological quality of 30 sushi which were randomly sampled from selected food outlets in Kota Bharu, Kelantan from November 2014 until February 2015. A total of 9 (30%) samples exceeded the proposed guidelines for total plate count and 8 (23.33%) samples for total coliforms count. E.coli was identified in 2 (6.67%) out of 30 samples analyzed. All the outlets showed unsatisfactory status in hygiene and food preparation. Two of the outlets showed presence of E.coli particularly in the salmon sushi. This indicates that the microbiological quality of sushi sold in the food outlets are far from satisfactory and their safety is doubtful.
- PublicationMolecular characterization of ornamental fish species (poeciliidae) using mitochondrial dna12s rRNA anD 16S rRNA genes.(2015)Ghazali, Siti NorsywazniMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ribosomal genes have been used as molecular markers for fish species identification in many studies. In this study, two mtDNA ribosomal genes namely 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA have been utilized to characterize ornamental fish species from Peocilidae family. Five ornamental fish species namely Poecilia sphenops, Poecilia reticulata, Limia vitatta, Xiphophorus hellerii and Xiphophorus maculatus were selected. PCR amplification was performed and DNA sequencing was carried out in order to study the genetic relationship of fish species. Phylogenetic tree results showed that two different group of fish species were found with one groups consists of Limia vitatta, Xiphophorus hellerii and Xiphophorus maculatus. The second group consists of Poecilia sphenops and Poecilia reticulata. Interestingly, both mtDNA ribosomal genes showed similar result for neighbor joining tree.
- PublicationMorphological , textural and sensory property of bun formulated with different particle size of cornlettes powder.(2015)Husin, Wan Nur SuriatiComlettes or immature com which is one of the commonly consumed vegetable by Malaysian populace contains high dietary fiber in dried form. Presently, comlettes have been introduced in enhancing nutritional qualities of baked-based products. This study aims to investigate the influence of different particle size (45, 125 and 250 pm) of comlettes on the quality of bun which covering morphological characterization, physicochemical, textural property and sensory evaluation. Scanning electron microscopical observation showed that at higher magnification, there are compact particles of wheat flour and dietary fibers especially bun formulated with larger particle size of comlettes. In addition, microstructure of comlettes with oily particles intact were clearly seen. Dietary fiber of comlettes was seen able to absorb fat molecules. For texture profile analysis (TPA), as particle size increases (45,125 and 250 pm), the decreasing of hardness (1.45 kg to 1.32 kg), gumminess (1.74 kg to 0.98 kg) and chewiness (1.74 kg to 0.98 kg) compared to control were observed. In sensory evaluation, bun formulated with 250 pm particle size of comlettes was preferred by sensorial panellists eventhough not significant with other treatments. Among 3 different particle sizes of comlettes added in bun formulation, bun added with 250 pm particle size of comlettes resulted as less firmness (1.32 kg), gumminess (0.98kg) and chewiness (0.98kg) compared to other treatments. In brief, bun added with 250 pm particle size of comlettes is recommended in the preparation of high fibre and palatable bun.
- PublicationP53 and E7 expression status in human cervical carcinoma cell (HELA) treated with quercusinfectoria aqueous extract.(2015)Radzuan, Syazatul AnizaThe search for novel anticancer agents has moved from cytotoxic agents to biologically targeted agents (which are primarily antiproliferative) to avoid the traditional toxic effects of anticancer therapy and to develop more selective and effective agents. Inhibition of cancer cells growth is a hallmark for declining the cell proliferation status in the treatment of cancer. In this regard, herbals are more preferable for alternative agent to treat cancer. A plant gall, Quercus infectoria (QI) (manjakani) extract had been reported to have antiproliferative activity towards cervical cancer cell, Hela. However, its antiproliferative mechanism is remaining undiscovered. Therefore, the current study has utilized aqueous extract of Q. infectoria to investigate partial of antiproliferative mechanism demonstrated by previous study. The expression status of tumor suppressor protein p53 and human papilloma virus protein E7 treated samples were analyzed in this study. Preliminary study revealed the antiproliferative activity of the extract as I7.92± 0.42 pg/ml. This concentration was used to determine the morphological changes and nuclear fragmentation as hallmark of apoptosis by Hoechst stain. The protein expression of p53 and suppression of HPV-E7 both evaluated by Western Blotting method with respective different incubation time 24, 48 and 72 hours. Treated cells demonstrated the morphological changes and fragmented nuclear. The p53 proteins were expressed and HPV E7 was slightly suppressed. These results suggested that, QI aqueous extracts acted to suppress the Hela cells proliferation by induction of apoptosis with expression of p53 and suppression of HPV E7
- PublicationParental stress and quality of life among parents with hearing impaired child and non hearing impaired child(2015)Ling, Wong YeeParents are affected when their child is diagnosed with hearing loss. Hearing loss in children will affect parental stress and their quality of life as well. The objective of this study was to examine the differences of the parental stress and quality of life among parents with hearing impaired child and parents with non hearing impaired child from the age of 2 to 6 years old. This study also aims to examine the correlation between parental stress and quality of life among both groups of parents. The participants consisted of two groups; study group and control group. The study group is those parents who send their hearing impaired child for further management with audiologist at Audiology Clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, D’KECEK and also further management with Speech Language Pathologist at Klinik Pertuturan Bahasa, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, and Speech Clinic at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. The control group was those parents having children with normal hearing who will be randomly collected from a preschool named “Prasekolah Sekolah Kubang Kerian 3” at Kubang Kerian, Kelantan. For each group, the total participants were also 32 parents (16 mothers and 16 fathers). The data obtained were analysed using independent-T test and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. The result indicated that there was significant difference on parental stress among mothers with hearing impaired child and mothers with non hearing impaired child (p value<.05). However, there was no significant difference on parental stress among fathers with hearing impaired child and fathers with normal hearing child (p value >.05). The results showed no significant difference on psychological, physical and social domains of quality of life among mothers with hearing impaired child and mothers with non hearing impaired child. However, the statistical analyses indicated that there was a significant different on environment domain of quality of life among mothers of both groups. For fathers, there was no significant difference on all domains of quality of life among them. This study provides some ideas on parental stress and quality of life among parents with hearing impaired and non hearing impaired child. These informations were important for professionals such as Speech Language Pathologist. The informations help as a guideline for them to understand more about parental stress and quality of life especially among parents of hearing impaired child. This can help the clinicians to provide the suitable advises and counseling to the parents in terms of increasing parenting skills and quality of life as well.
- PublicationSemi-automatic pistols on cotton, cotton polyester blend, satin and jersey fabric in relation to firing distance(2015)Shapihi, Siti SalhaFirearm-related crime is classified as violent crime and surely it has given an impact to general public safety. Study of gunshot residue (GSR) becomes important in investigating shooting incidents. Detection of GSR can estimate firing distances. This study focused on GSR distribution pattern deposited on four different types of fabrics, shot at three distances by four different types of pistols. 9 mm pistols and 9 mm ammunition were used in test firing. All shooting tests were performed at Ibu Pejabat Polis Daerah (IPD) Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Physical observation, microscopic examination and chemical enhancement methods were used in detection of GSR. Results showed that, as shooting distance increased, GSR particles decreased and dispersed widely. There was not much difference in diameter of bullet and soot if the shooting distance more than 1 m. For close range shot, GSR distribution pattern was quite useful to characterise the pistol used but not strong enough to identify pistol. As muzzle-to-target increased, type of pistol cannot be determined because the result showed no observable difference in term of GSR pattern and bullet hole diameter. Chemical enhancement involving the application of Modified Griess Test (MGT) in detection of nitrite residues as a by-product of combustion of gunpowder was performed. The presence of dark-purple colour indicated positive result of nitrite. Careful examination showed the decrease in the intensity of the colour in which the colour was too fade to observe as the shooting distance increased. Nitrite can still be detected up to 3 m on some fabric used and certain type of pistols. It is believed that, different pistols act differently during firing the cartridge and discharge the GSR. Mesh size of fabric is important in attachment persistency of residues. GSR distribution pattern from 9 mm semi-automatics pistols on fabrics could be established by visual and chemical enhancement method.