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This repository contains multiple types of scholarly materials, especially USM theses and exam papers.
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- PublicationExploring The Use Of Mspe As Extraction Method For Analysis Of Urinary Dap Metabolities Using Lc-ms(2023-09)Organophosphate (OP) pesticides have been widely used in agricultural sector. Past studies had shown that urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites can be reduced through organic diet intervention. Our study was focusing on developing an analytical method to analyse DAP metabolites in investigating the effect of organic diet intervention on OP pesticide exposure in rural and urban population. Our objectives were to validate the current existing method using liquid chromatography and massspectrometry (LC-MS) with solid phase extraction (SPE) extraction in analysing DAP metabolites in urine and to explore magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) as an extraction method for DAP metabolites analyses in urine. Analyses of DAP metabolites were performed using LC-MS with an Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18, 3.0 x 150 mm, 2.7 µm column. Due to time and sample limitation, we chose to analyse only diethyl thiophosphate (DETP) in urine sample because of its better yield compared to others. Calibration curve was constructed by spiking the urine sample at different concentration in the beginning of sample preparation for both SPE and MSPE methods. From our study, it was found out that MSPE method produced a better result compared to SPE method. The linearity of MSPE method was R2 = 0.9818 while SPE method produced R2 = 0.9789. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of DETP through MSPE method were 0.51 and 1.54 part per million (ppm) respectively while SPE method recorded LOD of 0.86 ppm and LOQ of 2.62 ppm. Optimization of extraction time in MSPE method showed that 5 minutes was the best extraction time. This experiment was partially validated due to time constraint and more research is needed to optimize and validate it. The use of MSPE, which is simpler and faster in sample preparation step can be a steppingstone for future research in analysing DAP metabolites in urine.
- PublicationThe Effect Of Bim Functionalities On The Environmental Performance Of Syrian Construction Projects(2025-07)This research aims to provide guidance on BIM functionalities categories and their benefits in improving environmental performance in Syrian construction projects. The research objectives are threefold: first, to determine environmental practices in Syrian construction projects, second, to identify categories of BIM functionalities, and last to analyze their impact on environmental performance.
- PublicationUsing eye tracking to test the effect of fibod smart balance with table soccer game on attention and memory(2021-12)The objective of this study is to identify the relationship between the use of Fibod Smart Balance and cognitive functions, mainly attention and memory while wearing eye tracking device. The variables studied were focused on the participants’ reaction time and accuracy. 30 participants from USM Kubang Kerian were chosen at random. To measure their memory and attention, they had to take Visual Search Task and Figure Memory Task before and after intervention while wearing the eye tracking device. During the intervention phase, 15 participants in the control group were requested to lead their normal life, whilst the other 15 participants in the intervention group had to undergo a series of practice for one month, which a total of 12 sessions consisting of 15 minutes per session. They had to play exergames called Table Soccer game in which they needed to practice their balance using a balance device called Fibod Smart Balance while playing the casual video games. Findings showed that there is no significant differences between intervention group and control group in terms of attention and memory. However, there is a significant difference between participants’ reaction time of the eye movement during the attention task (p<.001). Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no significant effect between 4 weeks of intervention of Fibod Smart Balance and Table Soccer game with attention and memory, but a significant improvement showed in the reaction time of participants’ eye movement during attention task.
- PublicationA New Generalized Trigonometric Bernstein-Like Basis Functions And Its Applications In Curve And Surface Constructions(2025-03)This study presents a novel methodology for constructing curves and surfaces using the gt-bernstein-like basis function with two design variables. The proposed curves and surfaces substantially enhance shape-adjustment capabilities compared to traditional forms. The research explores the application of these curves and surfaces, enabling the creation of shape-adjustable surfaces with local control, such as swept surfaces, swung surfaces, rotation surfaces, ruled surfaces, enveloping surfaces, and spine curves of developable surfaces. A thorough analysis of different parameters shows the influence of the shape of these curves and surfaces, leading to the identification of optimized parameters for shape optimization design. Numerical examples showcase the flexibility and local shape control achieved through the proposed method. Additionally, the study advances a new method for generating surfaces with prescribed boundaries in computer-aided geometric design (cagd), with a specific focus on minimizing surface area. The
- PublicationEvaluation Of Knowledge And Practices On Pharmacotherapy, Drug-Related Problems, Antiemetic Consistency, And Impact On Quality Of Life In Non-Hodgkin'S Lymphoma Care In Yemen(2025-03)Non-hodgkin lymphoma (nhl) is a heterogeneous group of cancers with increasing incidence globally. Optimal pharmacotherapy management is crucial for improving treatment outcomes and patient quality of life (hrqol). However, in resource-limited settings like yemen, the quality of nhl care may be suboptimal due to various challenges, including limited access to resources, inadequate training, and lack of standardised treatment guidelines. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluated nhl pharmacotherapy in yemen, focusing on healthcare provider knowledge and practices, antiemetic guideline adherence, drps, and patients' hrqol. Conducted from january 2022 to september 2023, the study included cross-sectional surveys of physicians and nurses from eight oncology centers and units and 300 adult nhl patients at the national oncology center (noc) in sana'a. Data collection involved validated questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, medical records, treatment charts, and the fact-lym questionnaire. Among 77 physicians and 105 nurses, 54.3% of nurses and 66.2% of physicians had poor knowledge of nhl pharmacotherapy, with 83.8% of nurses and 75.3% of physicians showing poor practice. Chemotherapy knowledge and practice improved with adequate information and specialized training. Only 23.9% of 251 nhl patients received antiemetic treatment consistent with nccn guidelines.
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- ItemFabrication Of Cw Co2 Laser For Indium Tin Oxide Annealing Study(2015-05)The objectives of this study are to design; construction and operation of the continuous wave CO2 laser system and its characterisation the effecting parameters pressure, current, and temperature on laser output power are discussed. The CW CO2 laser system parameters were (10 kV) voltage, current (18 mA) and (6 mbar) pressure of the gaseous mixture. It has a mix of gases of (CO2, N2, He) in a ratio of (10 %, 10 %, and 80 %), respectively. The cooling water temperature was (5 ). It was found that these parameters are the optimum to get the highest value for the CW CO2 laser system, which reached (54 watts), and the efficiency of this CW CO2 laser system reached (30 %). CW CO2 lasers, among the most efficient and powerful of all lasers, have many applications in industrial and medical fields. The properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films strongly depend on the temperature preparation condition, so we suggest using a CW CO2 laser beam for indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film annealing and study the effects on the structural, optical and electrical properties of thin film. ITO thin films are deposited on glass substrates by sputter coater system (RF) from a high density target (In2O3- SnO2, 90- 10 wt %). The base pressure of the chamber was 10−7 mbar. The ITO thin films have been prepared at power values 100 W. After deposition, ITO thin films have been irradiated by CW CO2 laser (λ= 10.6 μm). These films were annealed at different temperatures 250 , 350 and 450 using laser power 13 W, 19 W and 25 W respectively in the air for 20 minutes. On the other hand, study the effects of annealing using the conventional method (heat furnace) on the structural, optical and electrical properties of ITO thin film at different temperatures 250 , 350 , 450 and 550 . It was done for 1 hour in the air, and then comparison of annealing between a CW CO2 laser and the heat furnace using different ITO thicknesses of 200 nm and 400 nm. It was found that the annealing technique using the CW CO2 laser is superior to using the heat furnace. It was found that the highest average optical transmission was 90.1 98.2 (%) and the energy gap was 3.81 eV at thickness 200 nm using CW CO2 laser, and the highest grain size was 43.94 nm, the roughness was 4.92 nm, the lower resistivity was 2.9x10-4 Ω.cm and the lower sheet resistance was 7.3 Ω/sq at thickness 400 nm using CW CO2 laser.
- PublicationPengembangan standard operating procedures untuk kegiatan operational sistem hawa dingin dewan-dewan(2002-03-01)This project has been going on in order to produce standard operating procedures for the operating of centralized air conditioning system in all lecture halls in Northern University of Malaysia (UUM) in line with ISO 9000. Beside, this project will make sure centralized air conditioning system will run in a smooth manner without any major break down. All minor problems can be solved immediately which will not affect the users. This system will plan and identify specific job to be carried out in standard procedures with detail format. These will assist workers to understand jobs, activities and paper work to be done in a systematic ways. This standard system can be achieved with the proper order of work, control, maximum resources, training and motivation. It is very important that all parties involved make constructive decision with the given information so that centralized air conditioning system can operate smoothly.
- PublicationStudy On Cross-Cultural Connections Of Malaysia-China Shadow Puppet Through Iconological And Contextual Analyses(2025-02)This study explores the cross-cultural connections between malaysian wayang kulit and chinese shadow puppetry, focusing on their shared artistic features and unique cultural dimensions through iconological and contextual analyses. By conducting a comprehensive investigation, this research unveils the profound artistic essence of shadow puppetry, fostering a deeper understanding of these traditions and promoting their preservation and evolution. The study begins by tracing shadow puppetry's historical trajectory and development in both nations. Using meticulous document analysis, it examines the origins of shadow puppetry in malaysia and its evolution within china’s central plains. This exploration highlights the potential pathways through which chinese shadow puppetry influenced malaysian wayang kulit, shedding light on the intricate web of cultural exchange and interaction. An essential focus of this research is the analysis of cultural characteristics embedded in shadow puppetry. Employing panofsky’s iconological approach, the study identifies shared cultural metaphors and symbols in puppet designs, colours, and forms. Additionally, it applies malinowski’s contextual theory to understand the influence of cultural and situational contexts on the development and adaptation of shadow puppetry in both traditions.
- PublicationAn Enhanced Mechanism To Detect Drdos Attacks On Dns Using Adaptive Thresholding Technique(2023-03)Demand for cyberspace-enabled services has expanded dramatically in recent years, in lockstep with the global Internet user population expansion. This rising demand for these services has increased the number of cyber threats launched by attackers, as well as the diversity and sophistication of the attack strategies used to target those services. By exploiting DNS flaws, cyber attackers conduct a Distributed Reflection Denial of Service (DRDoS) attack. As a result, these types of attacks exploit the method, functionality, and operation of open DNS resolvers to compromise the DNS. Additionally, to intensify the attack by boosting the attack bandwidth to overwhelm the victim with a vast number of DNS answers. As a result, traditional mechanisms are incapable of detecting these types of cyberattacks. As a result, existing detection mechanisms are unable to detect these forms of cyber intrusions. Thus, this thesis presents a mechanism for detecting DRDoS attacks on DNS that is strengthened by the use of modified metaheuristic algorithms and adaptive thresholding techniques based on machine learning algorithms (EMDDMAT).