Publication: Fabrication and properties of activated carbon (AC) and ptnps/ac modified indium tin oxide electrodes for heavy metal electrochemical sensors .
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Date
2025-08-05
Authors
Ng, Wei Xuan
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Abstract
The increasing contamination of environments by toxic heavy metals necessitates the development of sensitive, selective, and low-cost detection methods. This study presents the fabrication and optimization of an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode modified with activated carbon (AC) and platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) for electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions. AC was bought commercially while PtNPs were synthesized via chemical reduction method. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) were used to evaluate electrode performance. Modification of PtNPs/AC did not show better result than AC/ITO. The result revealed that ITO electrode modified with 3mg AC in N–Methyl–2–pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent as the optimized electrode in detection for Cd (II), Pb (II) and Cu (II) with a linear range from 10-100 ppb. The LOD of 3mg AC/ITO for Cd (II), Pb (II) and Cu (II) were 13.50, 17.48 and 46.48 ppb, respectively and sensitivities of 0.056 μA/ppb, 0.059 μA/ppb and 0.023 μA/ppb, respectively. The interference study confirmed the selectivity of the 3mg AC/ITO electrode toward Cd (II), Pb (II) and Cu (II) ions, while reproducibility analysis of the modified electrode showed relative standard deviations below 10%. Analysis in seawater samples demonstrated successful detection of Cd (II), Pb (II) and Cu (II) ions, validating the electrode’s real-world applicability for heavy metal detection.