Publication: Seismic evaluation and cost assessment of reinforced concrete buildings according to building design codes commonly practiced in Yemen
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Date
2022-05-01
Authors
Abdullatef Taresh, Hossam Mostafa
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Abstract
The hazard caused by the earthquake is causing a devastating adverse effect on human life, and the most feared amongst all-natural disasters. Earthquakes hazardsare very rare and very divergent type of natural hazards. Whose significances withsmall probability events, when they do happen, are very great in terms of suffering and destruction. The seismic history in Yemen indicates the occurrence of largeand hundreds of small and aftershocks earthquakes based on several research. In that past century, three major earthquakes had been recorded known as the Sadah
Earthquake on January 11, 1941, the Dhamar Earthquake on December 13, 1982,and the Al-Udain (Ibb) Earthquake on November 22, 1991. Several researchers study the seismic hazard, tectonic interactions, historical sources, and intensities and showed that Yemen has magnitude (Mw) between 4 to 8. UBC97 code categorized Yemen in seismic category Zone 3 with 0.3 g intensity. Therefore, intensity within a low, moderate, and high earthquake needs to be taken into account within (0.05-0.3) g. Three seismic Zones 1, 2A, and 3 representing low, moderate, and high seismicity regions as defined by UBC97 seismicity, in addition of gravity loads are taken under consideration. A typical regular reinforced concrete moment resisting frames building has been studied with three different heights representing low, medium, and high-rise buildings of four, nine, and fifteen
storeys with 14.1 m, 30.1 m, and 49.3 m in height, respectively. Two different rebars grades (ASTM) A615Gr40 and (ASTM) A615Gr60 with concrete grade 21MPa has also been used. To note that no building design code neither seismic code has been developed so far in Yemen, engineer has the liberty to use anyinternational design code in term of the design of buildings. Therefore, threebuilding design codes are considered in the design, namely, American Concrete Institute ACI318M, Indian Standard IS456, and Eurocode EC2. A total of 96 reinforced concrete buildings were modeled. Finally, evaluation of the design base shear and assessment of total quantity materials cost assessment based on the Yemen price market had been achieved through comparison. The performance of the buildings has also been evaluated using Performance-Based Seismic Design (PBSD) by nonlinear static pushover procedure following ACSE41-13 and FEMA440. Comparison between ACI318M-08 to IS (456:2000), IS2 (456:2000),
and EC2 in terms of the design base shear regarding all zones, heights, and rebars grade shows an increase of less than 7.2 %, 8.2 %, and a decrease of less than 29 %, respectively. The total material costing in IS-IS2 (456:2000) of which the maximum was selected, increase by less than 40 %, 35 %, 27 % and decrease by less than 7.4 %, 1.1 %, 0 %, for low, mid, and high-rise buildings, respectively when compared to ACI318M-08 . The total material costing in EC2 decreases by less than 33 %, 32 %, 29 %, for low, mid, and high-rise buildings, respectivelywhen compared to ACI318M-08. The total material costing in EC2 decreases by less than 45 %, 63 %, 71 %, when it is compared to the maximum of Indian
standards, for low, mid, and high-rise buildings, respectively. In addition, when rebars grade 420 MPa is used the total costing of materials decrease by less than 14 %, 23 %, 21 %, for low, mid, and high-rise buildings, respectively. All building design codes are considered safe and within the Immediate occupancy (IO) with different safety and ductility ratio were highlighted. Except two models of high-rise building in Zone1 EC2 mostly due to the lower minimum longitudinal reinforcement ratio which gets as low as 0.002. American and Indian codes have 5 and 4 times higher than this value respectively.