Publication: A stream-based evaluation of tin recovery efficiency and process optimization in an alluvial gravity separation plant
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Date
2025-08-08
Authors
Sofi Fazmy bin Mohd Fazil
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Abstract
This study evaluates the tin recovery efficiency at the KL Larut alluvial tin processing plant, which uses a closed-circuit system involving palong, jigs, and shaking tables to recover cassiterite (SnO2). By combining flowrate and chemical grade data through X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis and mass balance calculations, the research identifies significant inefficiencies in the processing circuit, particularly in feed distribution and recovery. The jig units show an imbalance, with Jig 2 handling over 140 times more tin than Jig 1, indicating poor feed control and underutilization of capacity. Additionally, the shaking table produces low-grade concentrates with recoverable tin, representing a major loss. Based on these findings, optimization strategies are proposed, including rebalancing the feed, introducing pre-classification, and retrofitting the system with centrifugal concentrators to recover fine tin from middlings. These strategies, supported by evidence from similar operations in Southeast Asia and Africa, are expected to improve sustainability, recovery rates, and economic performance in alluvial tin processing.