Nanostructured materials as catalysts for the production of gasoline from used palm oil and crude palm oil:

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dc.contributor.authorAhmad Shah, Noor Aisyah
dc.date.accessioned2014-11-18T07:46:35Z
dc.date.available2014-11-18T07:46:35Z
dc.date.issued2007
dc.descriptionMasteren_US
dc.description.abstractThe objective of this research was to develop an efficient cracking catalyst with good hydrothermal stability, reusability, low deactivation rate and minimum side products with high selectivity towards gasoline fraction yield. In this research, the catalytic process for the production of gasoline from crude palm oil (CPO) and used palm oil (UPO) was studied at atmospheric pressure, temperature of 723 K, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 2.5 h-1 and crude/used palm oil to catalyst ratio of 8 in a fixed bed micro-reactor. Six different types of composite catalysts namely; HZSM-5/alumina (CZA), HBeta/ silica-alumina (CBS), Al-MCM-41/alumina (CMA), Al-MCM-41/silica-alumina (CMS), Al-SBA-15/alumina (CSA) and Al-SBA-15/silica-alumina (CSS) were synthesized and tested as cracking catalysts. The composite CZA and CBS were characterized for their surface area, adsorption-desorption isotherm, pore size distribution, crystallinity, acidity and surface morphology. The composites CMA, CSA, CMS and CSS were characterized for their crystallinity, acidity and surface morphology. HZSM-5 gave 98.5 wt% UPO conversion with 45.2 wt% yield of gasoline fraction and 25.9 wt% gaseous products. Composite CZA35 gave 97 wt% UPO conversion, 47 wt% yield of gasoline fraction and 19.7 wt% gaseous products as compared to HZSM-5. The alumina coating increased the average pore size (APS) of the mesopores and reduced the acidity of composite catalyst. Steam treated HZSM-5 and CZA35 showed comparable activity as the fresh catalysts. St-ZSM5 gave 93.5 wt% UPO conversion with 46 wt% yield of gasoline fraction and UPO conversion was 92.3 wt% with 46.3 wt% yield of gasoline fraction over St-CZA35. The reduction in the surface area of St-CZA35 was lower as compared to St-ZSM5. The aromatics (BTX) present in the organic liquid product (OLP) were reduced from 33.9 wt% obtained with fresh CZA35 to 17.9 wt% over St-CZA35. Composite CBS25 gave comparable gasoline fraction yield with 62.9 wt% CPO conversion as compared to 74.5 wt% CPO conversion over H-Beta. Its activity was improved after steam treatment with increase in CPO conversion to 74.7 wt% with gasoline fraction yield of 31.8 wt%. H-Beta activity dropped after steam treatment with drop in conversion from 74.5 wt% to 65.5 wt% and gasoline fraction yield from 26 wt% to 23.8 wt%. The coating of silica-alumina helped to increase the cracking activity and hydrothermal stability of the composite due to change in the surface morphology. The coating of alumina improved Al-MCM-41 hydrothermal stability. St-CMA25 gave 62 wt% CPO conversion with 19.7 wt% gasoline fraction yield, higher than that obtained over St-AlMCM-41 (60.5 wt% conversion with 13.1 wt% gasoline fraction yield). The composites CSA, CMS and CSS gave low cracking activity due to changes in the surface morphology as observed from SEM analysis. Comparing the performances of all synthesized composites, CZA35 was found to be best cracking catalyst. The deactivation of catalysts was studied by obtaining time on stream data with palm oil to catalyst ratio in the range of 8 to 16. Composites with alumina, CZA and CMA showed lower deactivation as compared to HZSM-5 and Al-MCM-41 catalysts. The deactivation data were fitted using suitable activity model and deactivation parameters were obtained.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/568
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.subjectScience Physicen_US
dc.subjectNanostructured materialsen_US
dc.subjectcatalystsen_US
dc.subjectproduction of gasolineen_US
dc.subjectpalm oilen_US
dc.subjectcrude palm oilen_US
dc.titleNanostructured materials as catalysts for the production of gasoline from used palm oil and crude palm oil:en_US
dc.title.alternativesynthesis, characterization and activity studiesen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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