Pusat Penyelidikan Dadah dan Ubat-Ubatan - Tesis

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A Preliminary Study On Pain Tolerance And Withdrawal Symptoms Among Active Ketum (Mitragyna Speciosa) Users In Malaysia
(2022-09)
Abdul Rahim, Azlan
Kratom is known locally as ketum or biak (Mitragyna speciosa) in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Southeast Asian countries are home to the ketum plant. Ketum leaves are extensively used as an herbal supplement (traditional medicine) for self-treatment of medical conditions in the West and Southeast Asia, including pain and opioid use disorder (OUD). However, ketum consumption over a prolonged period was associated with withdrawal effects. Therefore, to systematically investigate the effects of ketum based on claims from previous research (pain tolerance and withdrawal symptoms), a human laboratory study was conducted with 26 male participants in Pusat Sejahtera, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). The study aimed to investigate withdrawal symptoms using a validated clinical measurement, the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS), after 12 hours of ketum cessation. Secondly, the study investigated ketum effects on pain tolerance using the cold pressor task. Study findings suggested no significant association between ketum consumption with withdrawal symptoms and pain tolerance. However, mild withdrawal symptoms were observed during the 12 hours of ketum cessation such as runny nose, yawning, restlessness and axiety.
Behavioural And Hippocampal Neuroplasticity Effects Of A Bioactive Fraction From Clitoria Ternatea Linn. Root Extract In A Rat Model Of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion
(2022-11)
Ahad, Mohamad Anuar
Pharmacological therapy is highly recommended for reducing the severity of the behavioural and psychiatric syndromes of dementia, as well as for effectively reversing cognitive decline in symptomatic dementia patients. Scientific evidence on cognition-oriented approaches for treating cognitive impairment using natural-based products is well discovered. Therefore, the thesis investigates the effects of bioactive fraction from Clitoria ternatea (CT) root extract in the behavioural and hippocampal neuroplasticity in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) rats model. The bioassay-guided fractionation approach was carried out to produce the CT root bioactive fraction. To begin with, CT root powder was extracted using sequential extraction of solvent varying polarity. Then, the extracts were screened for their bioactivity using in vitro and in vivo studies. The CT root chloroform extract was further subjected to fractionation and isolation compound(s) using column chromatography to produce the bioactive fraction and active compound(s). The amount of clitorienolactone A (CLA) in the CT root bioactive fraction (255 mg/g) and active extract (150 mg/g) was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography and diode array detection analysis for quality control purposes.
Kajian Pematuhan Program Pengawasan Komuniti Dalam Kalangan Klien Yang Disabitkan Di Bawah Kesalahan Seksyen 15(1) Akta Dadah Berbahaya (Adb) 1952
(2023-07)
Mohd Saref, Nadiah
Pengguna dadah (atau PWUDs) yang ditangkap atas kesalahan “kecil” menggunakan dadah seperti dikesan positif untuk penggunaan amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) boleh dipenjarakan di Malaysia. Disebabkan peningkatan kadar tangkapan tahunan yang membimbangkan dibawah Seksyen 15(1)(a) Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952, kajian jangka masa panjang ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti kadar pematuhan rawatan dan menilai fungsi sosial diantara responden yang telah menjalani hukuman penjara (ditahan dalam tempoh dua tahun) dan telah membayar denda mahkamah (tidak melebihi lima ribu ringgit) dibawah Seksyen 15(1)(a) dan kemudiannya diperintahkan menjalani pengawasan dalam komuniti dengan Agensi Anti-Dadah Kebangsaan (AADK) di Daerah Timur Laut, Pulau Pinang. Sejumlah 85 responden (59 klien penjara dan 26 klien mahkamah) telah direkrut dan diikuti untuk tempoh maksimum selama enam bulan. Kesemua klien dinilai menggunakan borang soal-selidik berstruktur dan separa berstruktur sepanjang kajian ini berlangsung. Majoriti responden adalah lelaki (91%, n=77/85), kebanyakan berbangsa Melayu (51%), dan 69% masih bujang. Lapan puluh peratus mempunyai sejarah penjara sebelum ini dibawah Seksyen 15(1)(a), manakala 50% (42/85) mempunyai sejarah lampau pengawasan dalam komuniti bersama AADK. Kesemua responden pernah mengguna ATS dan dadah lain menjadikan kebanyakan responden adalah polydrug user.
Modulation Of Dopaminergic System By Mitragynine And The Underlying Mechanisms Instigating Impairment Of Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity
(2023-09)
Salim, Mohamad Azmeer Effendy Md
Mitragynine is the primary indole alkaloid of kratom (M. speciosa) Korth and is thought to be part of kratom’s main psychoactive components. Besides contributing to the addiction, it is known to induce rewarding effects by acting as an agonist to opioid receptors and block the dopamine D2 receptor. Moreover, mitragynine causes cognitive deficit and impairs the hippocampal synaptic plasticity, but the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. In the early part of the study, the modulation of dopaminergic system by mitragynine was investigated in rats treated with mitragynine (1 and 30 mg/kg) acutely (1-day treatment) and repeatedly (4-days treatment) through electroencephalography (EEG) recording. Level of dopamine release was quantified using electrochemical biosensor and ELISA kit analysis. The expression of dopamine transporter was measured using RT-qPCR. Results indicated that administration of mitragynine at both doses triggered changes in spectral frequencies demonstrating adaptations of dopaminergic system in freely moving rats. Repeated exposure of mitragynine (1 and 30 mg/kg) evoked increase of dopamine release after 4 days of administration, where at low dose (1 mg/kg) shows irregular increase of mitragynine released. High dose (30 mg/kg) shows a stable intensification of dopamine released, not after acute exposure in real time recording through an electrochemical biosensor. The adaptations of dopaminergic systems by mitragynine are coupled with increased expression of dopamine transporter in the prefrontal cortex.
Poverty Reduction Community And Social Development Projects (Csdp) In Yobe State, Nigeria
(2023-04)
Suleiman, Kawuwa
Poverty is increasingly affecting development and wellbeing in Sub-Sahara Africa, Nigeria and Yobe State in particular. Many communities suffer from poverty due to inadequate access to basic infrastructure of health, education, water, and environmental projects. The Community and Social Development Project (CSDP) is a poverty reduction programme which provides micro infrastructure projects in Yobe state. Therefore, this study explores the effects of the CSDP infrastructure projects on wellbeing and poverty reduction. The study also finds out the community perception on CSDP poverty reduction strategies as well as stakeholders’ views on the challenges of poverty reduction programme in Yobe state. The study adopted a mixed-method approach to data collection. The method involved the use of techniques of both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. The study also adopted a multi-stage cluster sampling technique in which Yobe State was divided into the existing Senatorial Zones, States, LGAs and Communities. A total of 360 respondents were selected and served with questionnaires while Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were conducted with three participants, one each from CSDP, Yobe State Ministry of Social Welfare, and CSOs. Moreover, twelve Focus Group Discussion (FGD) sessions were conducted with relevant stakeholders across the twelve communities selected for the study. The quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and Smart Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (SmartPLS) software and the qualitative data was analysed with thematic analysis of codes, categories and themes identification.
Prevalence And Risk Factors Of Intimate Partner Violence (Ipv), Sexual Reproductive Health Issues And Treatment Barriers Among Females Who Use Drugs (Fwuds) In Malaysia
(2022-07)
Anandan, Asnina Nair
Females who use drugs (FWUDs) are vulnerable to intimate partner violence (IPV) and other issues stemming from violence and drug use. This study aims to identify prevalence and risk factors associated with IPV, the extent of illicit substance use during pregnancy and breastfeeding, reproductive health knowledge and practice, and treatment barriers among FWUDs in Malaysia. Two hundred FWUDs who were confined in a mandatory drug rehabilitation centre (CCRC) for their drug use offenses were recruited through convenience sampling for this cross-sectional study. All the study data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. The majority of respondents were Malay (86%, n=171/200), with a mean age of 32.3 years (SD=8.61). The lifetime IPV prevalence rate in this study was 53% (n=105/200), far exceeding the reported rate for non-drug dependent married women in Malaysia. The prevalence rates for physical, psychological and sexual violence in this study were 41%, 29% and 24%, respectively. Lifetime IPV incidence among FWUDs were associated with unstable living environments, having a regular intimate male partner who uses drugs, and have been a victim of underage rape. FWUDs victimised by IPV had higher odds of engaging in risky sexual practices compared to non-victims. The majority (60%) lacked knowledge on condom particularly for female use, and 67% disliked wearing a condom, as it is alleged to affect their sexual performance. Conversely, IPV victimised FWUDs had adequate knowledge on family planning than FWUDs who have never experienced IPV.
The Evaluation Of The Potential Of Tetrahydro-Β-Carboline Derivatives For The Treatment Of Addiction Using In-Vivo Model With Zebrafish And Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry For The Neurotransmitter Analysis
(2022-10)
Mohamed, Siti Mazleena
Drug addiction treatment can include behavioural therapies, medications, or their combination. The available drug used in medication treatment is limited and has known side effects. The present study evaluates the addictive property of synthesized tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives compounds since the previous study showed that the compounds positively impact analgesic activity. Forty-nine compounds have been screened for physicochemical properties before selecting further for in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Out of forty-nine compounds, fourteen compounds were chosen for in-vitro screening. Four compounds showed toxicity toward SK-N-SH cells, and two compounds were insoluble in the cell medium. Thus, only eight compounds proceeded for receptor functional activity through cAMP production. (6-methoxy-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-β-carbolin-2-yl)(phenyl)ethanone (OD1b) and 6-methoxy-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carbolin-1-one (OD2a) showed the highest cAMP stimulation. Bioavailability radar for drug-likeness showed OD1b and OD2a located inside the optimal range suggesting good drug-like properties of the compounds. The rewarding effects of OD1b and OD2a were evaluated using the behavioural technique of conditioned place preference (CPP) using zebrafish as an animal model, and their neurotransmitters in the brain and body were measured.

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