Pusat Penyelidikan Dadah dan Ubat-Ubatan - Tesis

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A Study On Drug Use And Criminal Behaviours Of Criminal Offenders In The State Of Penang
(2023-01)
Hadep Singh, Balber Singh
People who use drugs (PWUDs) tend to commit crime under the influence of drugs compare with people without drug use history. Though researchers have argued that drug use can cause people to engage in crime, however, the relationship between drug use and crime seems insufficiently investigated. This study aims to investigate the criminal profile of Police detainees who were caught under the Penal Code (Act 574) for various crime offenses between June and December 2019 in the Northeast and Southwest Districts of Penang State. A total of 73 Police detainees were recruited through convenience sampling for this cross-sectional study. Majority were males (93%, n=68/73), most Malays (58%, n=42/73), and the sample’s mean age in this study was 32.8 years (SD=8.13). About 16% (n=12/73) of the detainees had previous drug rehabilitation history, while 55% (n=40/73) had been incarcerated before. Fifty-six percent (n=41/73) of the detainees were detained for non-violent offenses (e.g., property crime), and 44% for violent offenses (e.g., gang robbery, physical assault, etc.) under the Penal Code (Act 574). Of this, 81% (n=59/73) of the offenses were categorised as bailable offenses. As for their drug use status, 62% (n=45/73) of the detainees tested positive for illicit drug use, most (53%) for amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) and opiate (18%), when they were brought into detention. Sixty-eight percent (n=50/73) of the detainees had illicit drug use history. Most (59%, n=43/73) reported committing crime individually, and 41% usually committed crime with their acquaintances. About 8% held dangerous weapons while committing crime, and 41% (n=30/73) claimed that they were ordered by their superiors to commit crime.
A Study On Drug Use And Criminal Behaviours Of Criminal Offenders In The State Of Penang
(2023-01)
Hadep Singh, Balber Singh
People who use drugs (PWUDs) tend to commit crime under the influence of drugs compare with people without drug use history. Though researchers have argued that drug use can cause people to engage in crime, however, the relationship between drug use and crime seems insufficiently investigated. This study aims to investigate the criminal profile of Police detainees who were caught under the Penal Code (Act 574) for various crime offenses between June and December 2019 in the Northeast and Southwest Districts of Penang State. A total of 73 Police detainees were recruited through convenience sampling for this cross-sectional study. Majority were males (93%, n=68/73), most Malays (58%, n=42/73), and the sample’s mean age in this study was 32.8 years (SD=8.13). About 16% (n=12/73) of the detainees had previous drug rehabilitation history, while 55% (n=40/73) had been incarcerated before. Fifty-six percent (n=41/73) of the detainees were detained for non-violent offenses (e.g., property crime), and 44% for violent offenses (e.g., gang robbery, physical assault, etc.) under the Penal Code (Act 574). Of this, 81% (n=59/73) of the offenses were categorised as bailable offenses. As for their drug use status, 62% (n=45/73) of the detainees tested positive for illicit drug use, most (53%) for amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) and opiate (18%), when they were brought into detention. Sixty-eight percent (n=50/73) of the detainees had illicit drug use history. Most (59%, n=43/73) reported committing crime individually, and 41% usually committed crime with their acquaintances. About 8% held dangerous weapons while committing crime, and 41% (n=30/73) claimed that they were ordered by their superiors to commit crime.
A Study On Treatment Barriers Among Amphetamine-Type Stimulant (Ats) Drug Users In Malaysia
(2022-03)
Shanmugam, Thorairaj
People who use amphetamine-type stimulant (PWUA) often hesitate to participate in treatment program, and may encounter various barriers while seeking treatment. This study sought to identify treatment barriers and gender differences in barriers (if any) that precluded PWUA from participating in drug treatment programs in Malaysia. Three hundred and eighty-six treatment inmates who were mandated to undergo rehabilitation for their ATS use history were recruited through convenience sampling from five drug rehabilitation centres (CCRCs) for this cross-sectional study. The study data was collected through face-to-face interviews by a trained student using the Treatment Barriers Questionnaire (TBQ) scale. The majority (83%, n=321/386) were males, only 17% (n=65) consisted of females. Most were ethnic Malays (95%, n=365/386), single (61%), and were employed (85%) prior to their confinement.
Chemical Constituents And Cytotoxocity Of The Stem Bark Calophyllum Lanigerum Var. Austrocoriaceum (Whitemore) P. F. Stevens And Calophyllum Andersonii P. F. Stevens
(2024-04)
Mokhtar, Norisha
Plants from the genus Calophyllum, have gained the interest of phytochemists due to the exciting new discoveries of its bioactive constituents. Phytoconstituents such as coumarins, chromanones, xanthones, and triterpenoids are frequently discovered phytochemical groups in this genus. These phytochemicals proven to possess potential pharmacological importance that are essential for scientists to subject it in pharmacotherapeutic applications in treating targeted diseases. For example, used for pharmacotherapeutic purpose in treating HIV, cancer, and inflammatory related diseases. In this study, the stem bark of Calophyllum lanigerum and Calophyllum andersonii were investigated by extracting, isolating, and characterising the possible phytochemicals that present and assessing their cytotoxic activity, respectively. Five phenolics and two triterpenoids have been isolated from the stem bark of C. lanigerum. The phenolic compounds were identified as caloteysmannic acid (A), isocalolongic acid (B), calolongic acid (C), euxanthone (D), calanone (E), and two common triterpenoids, friedelin (F) and stigmasterol (G). Meanwhile, calanone (E) and its constitutional isomer, isocalanone (H) together with soulattrolide (I) and friedelin (F) were isolated from the stem bark of C. andersonii. Chromanone acids (Compounds A and B) were reported for the first time in C. lanigerum in Sarawak region. The chemical structures of these isolated compounds were elucidated using detailed spectroscopic techniques including NMR (1D, 2D), MS, UV-Vis, FTIR. Extracts (n- xxi hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate) and compounds (A, B, E, and H) from both Calophyllum species were subjected for their cytotoxicity against HeLa Chang liver (human cervix carcinoma) and HL-7702 (human normal liver) cell lines. Only ethyl acetate extract from C. lanigerum exhibited promising cytotoxicity, with IC50 value of 34.13 ± 3.82 μg/mL, while n-hexane and chloroform extracts showed moderate cytotoxicity against Hela Chang liver cell line [IC50: 93.84 ± 9.35 μg/mL and 81.33 ± 2.41 μg/mL, respectively]. The observed cytotoxic effects of the ethyl acetate extract suggest its potential for further development as an anticancer agent.
Discovery Of New Potential Pyrido[2,3-D]Pyrimidin-7-One Based Cdk4 Inhibitors Using Molecular Modelling Approaches
(2023-02)
Al Attraqchi, Omar Husham Ahmed
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a class of regulatory enzymes that modulate various biochemical properties of the cell such as cell division. Different CDK enzymes have been shown to be promising biological targets for combating different types of cancer. In particular, the CDK4 enzyme has been observed to be overexpressed in several types of cancer including breast cancer. The usage of small-drug molecules that inhibits the activity of the CDK4 enzyme has proved to be clinically valid approach. However, currently available solutions suffer from various limitations such as insufficient activity. Among the most notable inhibitors of the CDK4 enzyme are the compounds based on the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one scaffold. In this study, computer-aided drug design (CADD) methods including ligand-based and structure-based methods have been applied on the compounds derived from this scaffold. The applied CADD methods revealed the correlation of the physicochemical properties with the activity and gave insights into the binding process. The used ligand-based CADD methods included quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) and pharmacophore modeling.
Evaluation Of Mitragyna Speciosa Korth. (Ketum) Extracts Prepared By Accelerated Solvent Extraction Technique, On Antinociceptive And Cytotoxicity Effects
(2021-12)
Goh, Yong Sean
Mitragyna speciosa Korth. (Ketum) leaves are well known for their psychoactive and analgesic properties. Mitragynine, is the principal alkaloid of ketum leaf, is a well-known factor that contributes to ketum’s pharmacological activities. The present study underlined the use of green solvent and green extraction technique for the yield of a better and safe ketum extract. At first, ketum was extracted with pure water using conventional extractions, Soxhlet, and maceration, as well as modern extraction techniques, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) techniques. Subsequently, two green extraction techniques which are ASE, and UAE were selected. Solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate were used in the optimisation of ASE and UAE. Comparing both extractions, ASE demonstrated a better dry yield (0.53 – 2.91 g) with consistent mitragynine content (6.53 – 7.19 %), shorter time (5 minutes), and reduced solvent usage (< 100 mL).
Ketum (Mitragyna Speciosa Korth.) Consumption, Lipid Profile And Electrocardiogram (Ecg) Abnormalities
(2023-07)
Korindasamy, Novline Yuvashnee
Ketum (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) a native medicinal plant of Southeast Asia, has been used in Malaysia for decades for its unique curative properties. Given its broad therapeutic properties and increasing utility, ketum’s long-term safety profile, especially on its cardiotoxicity risk remains poorly investigated in regular ketum users. Given this research limitation, this study aims to evaluate the electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities and lipid profile between regular ketum users and healthy control subjects. A total of 200 respondents (n=100 regular ketum users and n=100 healthy control subjects) were recruited through convenience sampling from the northern peninsular state of Penang for this clinical, cross-sectional study. All were required to undergo an ECG evaluation, and blood samples were also drawn to characterize the respondent’s lipid profile. All males, a majority were Malays (97%, n=194/200), and the samples mean age in this study was 33 years (SD=6.7), while ketum users mean duration of ketum use was 6.4 years (SD=4.31). Ketum users mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure rates were 132.9 beats per minute (SD=17.3) and 77.1 beats per minute (SD=11.1), respectively.
Ketum (Mitragyna Speciosa Korth.) Consumption, Lipid Profile And Electrocardiogram (Ecg) Abnormalities
(2023-07)
Korindasamy, Novline Yuvashnee
Ketum (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) a native medicinal plant of Southeast Asia, has been used in Malaysia for decades for its unique curative properties. Given its broad therapeutic properties and increasing utility, ketum’s long-term safety profile, especially on its cardiotoxicity risk remains poorly investigated in regular ketum users. Given this research limitation, this study aims to evaluate the electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities and lipid profile between regular ketum users and healthy control subjects. A total of 200 respondents (n=100 regular ketum users and n=100 healthy control subjects) were recruited through convenience sampling from the northern peninsular state of Penang for this clinical, cross-sectional study. All were required to undergo an ECG evaluation, and blood samples were also drawn to characterize the respondent’s lipid profile. All males, a majority were Malays (97%, n=194/200), and the samples mean age in this study was 33 years (SD=6.7), while ketum users mean duration of ketum use was 6.4 years (SD=4.31). Ketum users mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure rates were 132.9 beats per minute (SD=17.3) and 77.1 beats per minute (SD=11.1), respectively.
Phytochemical Studies And Cytotoxicity Assessment Of Stem Bark Extracts From Calophyllum Macrocarpum Hook. F. And Calophyllum Recurvatum P. F. Stevens
(2024-04)
Firouz, Noor Syarafana
Numerous Calophyllum sp. have long been valued widely in Asian traditional medicine especially in Malaysia. The modern natural product-based research on the genus Calophyllum has further revealed a variety of biological functions exhibited by these plants, such as inhibition of HIV, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity. Species from the genus Calophyllum are also abundant in phenolic compounds especially xanthones and coumarins. However, Calophyllum macrocarpum and Calophyllum recurvatum are among the species that still need more scientific documentation on the phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects. In this research project, the stem bark of Calophyllum macrocarpum and Calophyllum recurvatum were being subjected for phytochemical investigation, which led to the isolation of various phytochemicals such as xanthones and coumarins. Extensive chromatographic separations and purifications on the stem bark of C. macrocarpum (n-hexane and chloroform extracts) resulted in isolation of prenylated xanthones; ananixanthone (1), trapezifolixanthone (2), 8-deoxygartanin (3), as well as triterpenoid; stigmasterol (4) and friedelin (5). Furthermore, thwaitesixanthone (6), teysmanone A (7), soulattrolide (8), calanone (9), as well as friedelin (5) were successfully being isolated from the stem bark of C. recurvatum (n-hexane and chloroform extracts).
Phytochemistry Of Calophyllum Havilandii P.F. Stevens And Calophyllum Lowei Planch. & Triana And Their Biological Activities
(2024-07)
Zailan, Ahmad Alif Danial
Plants from the genus Calophyllum (Calophyllaceae) is a treasure trove of various interesting phytochemicals with impressive structural diversity. These phytochemical constituents were often discovered as derivatives in the classes of phenolics, such as xanthones, coumarins, chromanones, phloroglucinols, and flavonoids. Many of them are proven to exhibit wide range of pharmacological as well as biological activities, such as cytotoxic, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial. In this study, the process of extraction, isolation, and characterization of phytochemicals were conducted on the stem bark of two endemic Malaysian Calophyllum species from Sarawak, namely Calophyllum havilandii and Calophyllum lowei. All of the isolated phytochemicals were characterized and elucidated using extensive spectroscopic techniques such as MS, IR, UV, and NMR.
Satu Kajian Ke Atas Penglibatan Remaja Dalam Masalah Penyalahgunaan Dadah Dan Ketum (Mitragyna Speciosa) Di Malaysia
(2024-09)
Suhaimi, Mohd Aizuddin Azuan
National Anti-Drug Agency (AADK) found most of the newly detected adolescent drug users were engaged in unsafe sexual behaviours and abusing ketum (Mitragyna speciosa) in the country. While they remain unapproachable and given the paucity of studies involving them, this mixed-method, cross-sectional study aims to investigate the risky sexual behaviours and motives of ketum use. A total of 80 adolescents (age between 13 and 19 years) who were undergoing mandatory drug rehabilitation under Section 6 of the Drug Dependants (Treatment and Rehabilitation) Act of 1983 were recruited through purposive sampling from two formal rehabilitation centres (PUSPEN). All the study data was collected with a self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire, while 21 respondents also participated in the in-depth, face-to-face interviews. Majority were males (70%, n=56/80), only 24 respondents were females. Most Malays (96%, n=77/80), while the samples mean age was 18.2 years (SD=1.40). Sixty-three percent (n=50/80) used methamphetamine only, and the samples mean duration of drug use was 3.15 years (SD=1.5). Sixty-nine percent had engaged in sex previously. High-risk sexual behaviours include having unprotected sex (11%), sex with more than one person (84%), and sex under the influence of drugs (94%). About 44% of the sample had intimate partners who use drugs. Most respondents (64%) were aware of the advantages of safe sex and were familiar with HIV transmission modes (74%). Results from multivariate logistic analysis indicate that females had significantly higher odds of engaging in unprotected sex and having intimate partners who use drugs, whereas, males were, however, more likely to have sex under the influence of drugs.

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