Pusat Pengajian Sains Kimia - Tesis

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    Cycloketone And Coumarin-Based Chalcone And Pyrazoline Derivatives: Synthesis, In Silico Studies, Antioxidant And Cytotoxic Activities Against Mcf-7 Cell Line
    (2025-06)
    Sadiq, Abubakar
    This study focuses on the synthesis, characterisation, in silico study and biological evaluation of cycloketone and coumarin-based chalcone and pyrazoline compounds, as potential antioxidant and anticancer agents. All these compounds were successfully synthesised through claisen-schmidt condensation and subsequent cyclo-condensation reaction. The structure of the compounds was confirmed using various spectroscopic techniques, including ftir and nmr. The molecular docking study was performed to predict the binding affinity of the synthesised compounds towards the target estrogen receptor alpha erα (3ert) protein involved in breast cancer pathways. The potential interactions suggest the effective binding of these compounds to the key amino acids associated with erα. The antioxidant activity of the compounds was evaluated using the dpph (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, which serves as a preliminary screening method to identify potential free radical inhibitors. Compounds 2c (ic50 = 20.49 μm) and 3c (ic50 = 24.49 μm) showed a slightly better activity than trolox (ic50 = 30.83 μm), suggesting their potential as effective radical scavengers. Pyrazoline compounds in series 1 such as 1civ and 1div showed good antioxidant activity of ic50 29.70 and 20.74 μm, respectively, while pyrazoline compounds in series 2 namely 2di, 2dii and 2div showed the ic50 of 26.93, 27.49 and 24.68 μm, respectively.
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    Development Of Extraction And Separation Techniques For The Determination Of Fatty Acids And Phenolic Compounds In Stingless Bee And Tualang Honey
    (2025-09)
    Al Wade, Anass
    Malaysian stingless bee honey (SBH) and Tualang honey (TH), have garnered increasing interest for their distinctive composition and pharmacological benefits. However, the accurate quantification of phenolic compounds (PCs) and fatty acids (FAs) in honey remains a significant analytical challenge due to their structural variability and sugar-rich honey matrix interference. Existing methods often lack the sensitivity, selectivity, and environmental sustainability required for modern analyses. This thesis addresses these limitations by developing and validating sample preparation methods with advanced separation techniques for the determination of PCs and FAs in SBH, TH and Apis mellifera honey.
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    Development Of Magnetic Graphene Oxide-Deep Eutectic Solvent Based Ferrofluids For The Determination Of Selected Organophosphorus Pesticides In Water Samples
    (2025-09)
    Hamad, Alghodran Musab Ahmad
    The widespread use of OPPs in agriculture has led to their persistence in aquatic environments, posing serious ecological and health concerns. Detecting organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) at trace levels remains challenging due to matrix interferences and low concentrations, which necessitate the development of rapid, sensitive, and eco-friendly analytical methods. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and characterize MGO-DES FF, optimize its use in LPME, evaluate its adsorption behaviour, and validate its application for real water samples. In this study, a smart ferrofluid (FF) was developed for the extraction of OPPs. The FF was synthesized by incorporating magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) as a magnetic nanocomposite and a deep eutectic solvent (DES) as the carrier medium. The synthesized material was characterized using FTIR, TEM, SEM, XRD, TGA, and VSM. The adsorption performance of methidathion (MET), malathion (MAL), quinalphos (QUI) and diazinon (DIZ) was evaluated through kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic models.
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    Effect Of Various Pre-Treatments Onto Oil Palm Frond Leaves For Bioethanol Production As Renewable Bioenergy Source In Fuel Cell Application
    (2025-03)
    Azani, Nur Fatin Silmi Mohd
    Oil palm frond leaves (opfls) are one of the biomass by-products originating from oil palm plantations. Currently, opfls are under-valued since they can be classified as a high recalcitrance feedstock due to the high lignin and hemicellulose content. This current study proposed an alternative of using opfls as a bioenergy source. This study highlighted the impact of different pre-treatments on the physicochemical properties, enzymatic digestibility, and fermentation efficiency of pretreated opfls. Each of the pre-treatments revealed the distinctive traits that influence the efficiency of the conversion of cellulose into bioethanol. From physicochemical pretreatments, steam explosion much more effective in disrupting the compact cell wall structure of opfls in contrast to autohydrolysis pre-treatment, by a vast dissolution of hemicellulose and depolymerization of lignin. The pre-impregnation with h2so4 prior to steam explosion was beneficial to enhance the hemicellulose removal up to 89.94 %. The cellulose content of the autohydrolysis pre-treated and steam-exploded opfls pulp were enhanced up to 31.03 wt.% and 39.18 wt.%, respectively. Meanwhile, the dilute naoh pre-treatment enhanced the delignification by 87.14 %, led to the enrichment of cellulosic fraction up to 51.21 wt.%. The removal of hemicellulose and lignin fraction was confirmed by the reduction of xylan c=o peak at 1730 cm-1 and lignin structural units c=o peak at 1600 cm-1, observed in attenuated total reflection (atr) spectra
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    Preparation Of Dual-Dummy Template Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer For Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction Of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics In Food
    (2025-03)
    Ismail, Noorhafira
    Fluoroquinolone antibiotics (fas) are widely used to treat humans and as veterinary medicine. A major concern was raised as the residue of fas may deposit in foods of animal’s origin, jeopardizing the food safety and causing antimicrobial-resistant to humans. Thus, an innovative and versatile adsorbent based on dual-dummy-template molecularly imprinted polymer-magnetic graphene oxide (ddmip-mgo) was fabricated for selective extraction and clean-up of fas from food samples. In this study, ddmip-mgo adsorbent was successfully synthesized with pipemidic acid and nalidixic acid as dual dummy templates molecular imprinted polymer (ddmip) with magnetic graphene oxide (mgo) nanoparticles coated on the surface of the newly synthesized dual dummy template. The ddmip-mgo provides feasibility of the adsorbent with specific recognition sites of ofloxacin (ofl), enrofloxacin (enro) and sparofloxacin (spar) in chicken meats and eggs samples to ensure efficient extraction prior to high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector (hplc-uv) analysis. The results showed that the ddmip-mgo exhibited uniform sizes, high magnetic responsivity, sensitivity and selectively recognition capability towards fas.