Pusat Penyelidikan Wanita dan Gender (KANITA) - Tesis

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    Examining The Relationships Between Work Intensification, Work-Life Balance, Employee Engagement And Turnover Intention Through A Gender Lens: The Perspective Of Academics In Malaysian Public And Private Universities
    (Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2018-08)
    Goo, Chuan Chiew
    The Malaysian government has recently reformed the public and private universities in order to transform Malaysia into a world-class higher education hub. The rapidly growing work demands among academics in public and private universities has caused academic work intensification. Thus, the effects of work intensification on other aspects of work such as work-life balance, coping strategies, employee engagement and turnover intention in the higher education sector are pertinent for further research. This study applied the theory of Job Demand-Resources and Social Role Theory to test the relationships between work intensification, work-life balance and turnover intention among academics in Malaysian public and private universities through a gender lens. The moderating effect of employee engagement on the relationship between work intensification, work-life balance and turnover intention was also explored. This study employed sequential explanatory design of mixed-method approach whereby the qualitative results are used to assist in explaining and interpreting the findings of the quantitative study. Quantitative data were collected through a survey from 190 respondents in public and private universities in Malaysia whereas the qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 academics (6 academics were from public universities and 6 academics were from private universities). As hypothesized, the PLS-SEM analysis on the quantitative data showed that the path relationships among the constructs were in the expected directions. Specifically, work intensification and turnover intention were found to be positively related, whereas work intensification and work-life balance were negatively related. Additionally, work-life balance was negatively associated with turnover intention. Employee engagement was found to moderate the relationships between work intensification and turnover intention. However, employee engagement did not moderate the relationships between work-life balance and turnover intention. The qualitative data were analysed through manually thematic approach. The findings from the qualitative analyses reported richer results on gender differences and public and private universities differences. While the quantitative results did not show any significant gender differences in terms of the study variables, the qualitative results show that academics are still performing traditional gender roles where male academics are more focused on paid work and female academics are more focused on the reproductive work. The qualitative data also revealed that academics engaged in 5 coping strategies (i.e. behavioural strategies, support, outsourcing, cognitive strategies and leisure activities) to manage their work intensification. Several important implications of the study findings for future research and practice are also discussed.
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    The Impact Of Teachers' Psychological Stress On Work Performance And Early Retirement Intentions: Social Support As A Moderator
    (Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014-02)
    Chong, Yee Joan
    The study was undertaken to identify the levels of stress, anxiety and depression among teachers teaching in Sekolah Kluster. The study used Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) to measure the levels of teachers’ psychological stress. In addition, this study examined the relationship between irrational beliefs, organisational factors and stakeholder expectation and the impact of psychological stress on work performance (absenteeism and presenteeism) and early retirement intentions among teachers. Social support as moderator was introduced in the current theoretical framework to see the effects of the relationship between independent variables and psychological stress. This study added anxiety and depression to measure teachers’ psychological stress as previous studies were mostly focusing on stress. Its objective was to provide in depth understanding of teachers’ psychological stress and its causes and outcomes. Several hypothesised relationships were tested on the data collected by means of questionnaire from a sample of 296 teachers from selected Sekolah Kluster in Peninsular Malaysia. Interaction effects between the independent variables and psychological stress were also tested.
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    Perceptions Among Adolescents In Penang And Kedah Of Their Father's And Mother's Parenting
    (Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2012-07)
    Ooi, Pei Wen
    Mothers have culturally been seen as the primary caregivers of children while fathers are seen as principal breadwinners. With women’s increased involvement in the labour market especially through working outside of the home, equal distribution of parenting responsibilities between mothers and fathers have become relevant areas of inquiry, especially in the context of the possible problem of “double-burden” for women in the family. Based on a sample of 339 Form Four students from Penang and Kedah, this study investigates how adolescents perceived the parental nurturance and involvement of their mothers and fathers by using 20 domains of parenting. It also assesses possible differences in the way the male and female adolescents perceived their relationships with either parent and their life satisfaction and stress level. The factors of socioeconomic and gender that might be influencing the adolescents perceptions and the parents’ nurturance and involvement are also analysed. The descriptive analysis indicates that participants perceived mothers to be more involved compared to the fathers and their relationships are closer with their mothers too. They however, desire higher parenting involvement from their fathers compared to what they currently receive. Overall, the results show that gender of the adolescents has no direct significant differences towards their perceptions on their fathers and mothers’ parental nurturance, involvement and their relationship with both parents. However, parents should have the same level of involvement in both the son and the daughter since the daughters are reporting lower involvement from the parent especially their fathers. The results also show that pattern of parenting as perceived by children may be said to conform to the cultural expectation of mothers as primary caregivers. However, it also shows that more equal parenting involvement is important since children appear to desire an increase in the role of fathers in parenting.