Publication: A prospective study on the psychological assessment in covid-19 patients during and post-intensive care unit and non-intensive care unit discharge
| dc.contributor.author | Nordin, Mohamad Azizuddin Fahmi | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-05-03T07:18:29Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2026-05-03T07:18:29Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2022 | |
| dc.description.abstract | Background: COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has been creating havoc and has imposed a sense of severe insecurity and panic situation. Patients with COVID-19 have different degrees of psychological distress, such as anxiety and depression, which may have been related to their prognosis. This study aimed to assess psychological distress among COVID-19 patients during and post-intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU discharge. Method: This was a prospective cohort single-centre observational study of 118 adult patients infected with COVID-19 who were admitted to Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kota Bharu, Kelantan between September 2021, and March 2022. 59 patients were admitted to the ICU (Group 1) and another 59 to the isolation COVID-19 ward (non-ICU – Group 2). All the patients received the Malay validated Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (M-HADS) questionnaire twice, during discharge from ICU or isolation COVID-19 ward and 1 month after discharge from the hospital. Both anxiety scores and depression scores for the Group 1 and Group 2 were compared using repeated measure ANOVA and linear regression was used to control confounding factors. Results: In Group 1; 13 (22.03%) was admitted as category 4b, 41 (69.50%) as category 5a and 5 (8.47%) as category 5b, while in Group 2; 7 (11.86%) as category 2, 7 (11.86%) as category 3, 17 (28.81%) as category 4a and, 28 (47.46%) as category 4b. Mean depression score based on COVID-19 categories during discharge; in Group 1, category 4b (7.62±2.220), category 5a (8.49±2.040), and category 5b (7.40±1.340), while in Group 2, category 4b (7.21±1.770). Post-discharge; in Group 1, category 4b (5.69±1.440), category 5a (6.05±1.280), and category 5b (6.40±0.550), while in Group 2, category 4b (5.71±1.330). Mean anxiety score based on COVID-19 categories during discharge; in Group 1, category 4b (9.92±2.060), category 5a (11.73±2.950), and category 5b (11.80±1.300), while in Group 2, category 4b (10.29±1.560). Post-discharge; in Group 1, category 4b (8.08±1.800), category 5a (9.32±2.330), and category 5b (9.20±1.640), while in Group 2, category 4b (7.68±1.280). Prevalence of depression during discharge in Group 1; was mild (52.54%) and moderate (10.17%) with a mean depression score was (8.20±2.049), otherwise, in Group 2; mild (40.68%), and moderate (1.69%) with mean depression score (6.98±1.624). Prevalence of depression post-discharge in Group 1; was mild (1.69%) and another 98.31% no depression with a mean depression score was (6.00±1.273), otherwise, in Group 2; no depression (100%), with a mean depression score (5.54±1.250). Prevalence of anxiety during discharge, in in Group 1; was mild (25.42%), moderate (61.02%), and severe (6.78%) with a mean anxiety score was (11.34±2.752), otherwise, in Group 2; mild (45.76%), and moderate (38.98%) with mean anxiety score (9.53±2.104). Prevalence of anxiety post-discharge in Group 1; was mild (40.68%), and moderate (27.12%) with a mean anxiety score was (8.97±2.197), otherwise, in Group 2; mild (33.90%), and moderate (1.69%) with mean depression score (7.20±1.540). Gender (p-value = 0.033), an education level (p-value = 0.018), and oxygen level (p-value = 0.008) were associated with depression during discharge, and age (p-value < 0.001) were associated with depression post-discharge. Social support (p-value = 0.010), oxygen level (p-value = 0.010), and treatment modalities (p-value = 0.027) were associated with anxiety during discharge, and oxygen saturation (p-value = 0.005), and treatment modalities (p-value = 0.090) were associated with anxiety post-discharge. Prevalence of PTSD; 10.17% had mild symptoms in the psychological domain, otherwise, no patients had symptoms in the behavioral domain post-discharge. Conclusion: COVID-19 infection had a high psychological impact on patients admitted to the hospital, especially ICU patients. Psychological intervention is needed to be a part of treatment in COVID-19 patients, especially during hospitalization. | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://erepo.usm.my/handle/123456789/24061 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.subject | COVID-19 | |
| dc.subject | intensive care unit | |
| dc.title | A prospective study on the psychological assessment in covid-19 patients during and post-intensive care unit and non-intensive care unit discharge | |
| dc.type | Resource Types::text::thesis::master thesis | |
| dspace.entity.type | Publication | |
| oairecerif.author.affiliation | Universiti Sains Malaysia |