Publication: Ultrasound-assisted extraction of asiaticoside from centella asiatica using betaine-based deep eutectic solvent
| dc.contributor.author | Faiznur, Mohd Fuad | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2025-11-26T08:38:09Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2025-11-26T08:38:09Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2024-05-01 | |
| dc.description.abstract | The demand for asiaticoside is increasing due to the various medicinal properties that are useful for pharmaceutical applications. Meanwhile, the disadvantages of conventional extraction techniques require the use of alternative extraction technique to extract asiaticoside. Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) is a green solvent that has low toxicity and high biodegradability. In this study, the potential of betaine-based NADES in extracting asiaticoside from Centella asiatica using an ultrasound technique was evaluated. Eleven types of NADESs were synthesized and formulated at different molar ratios using betaine (Bet) as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) with glycerol (Gly), 1,2-propanediol (1,2P), lactic acid (LA), levulinic acid (Lev), citric acid (CA), malic acid (MA), tartaric acid (TA), xylitol (Xyl), sorbitol (Sor), glucose (Glu), and sucrose (Suc) as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs). The successfully synthesized NADESs were identified as Bet-Gly (1:2), Bet-1,2P (1:4), Bet-LA (1:2), Bet-Lev (1:2), Bet-CA (1:1, 20 % water), Bet-MA (1:1, 20 % water), Bet-TA (1:1, 20 % water), Bet-Xyl (1:2, 20 % water), Bet-Sor (1:2, 20 % water), Bet-Glu (1:1, 20 % water), and Bet-Suc (1:1, 20 % water). Based on the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis, it was confirmed that a hydrogen bonding interaction was established between the HBA and HBD in the NADES system. The betaine-based NADESs were analyzed for their physicochemical properties, including viscosity, density, polarity, surface tension, electrical conductivity, and pH. It was found that the properties of NADES were influenced by the types of HBDs. Then, the betaine-based NADESs were screened to determine the best solvent for the asiaticoside extraction. Subsequently, the influence of time, ultrasound power, liquid to solid (L/S) ratio, and temperature on the extraction yield were investigated in single-factor experiments. These parameters were optimized using response surface methodology via the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Betaine-levulinic acid (Bet-Lev) at a molar ratio of 1:2 with a water content of 30 % (w/w) was selected as the most effective solvent to extract asiaticoside. The optimum conditions were 32 min extraction time, 36°C extraction temperature, 140 W ultrasound power, and 49 mL/g L/S ratio to give an extraction yield of 229.92 ± 1.67 mg/g. In addition, the kinetics of asiaticoside extraction were evaluated using Peleg’s model. The model fits the experimental data well (R2 > 0.90) and the small root mean square relative error values (between 0.01 and 0.031) indicated high reliability in predicting the extraction yield. The results showed that the synergistic effects of acoustic cavitation in UAE and the use of betaine-based NADES have successfully developed an efficient extraction technology for asiaticoside. | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://erepo.usm.my/handle/123456789/23167 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.title | Ultrasound-assisted extraction of asiaticoside from centella asiatica using betaine-based deep eutectic solvent | |
| dc.type | Resource Types::text::thesis::doctoral thesis | |
| dspace.entity.type | Publication | |
| oairecerif.author.affiliation | Universiti Sains Malaysia |