Publication: Synthesis, characterization and batch performance of functionalized clay based adsorptive film for diclofenac removal
Loading...
Date
2024-11-01
Authors
Muhamad Sharafee, Shamsudin
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) is regularly found in wastewaters around the world in non negligible concentrations. They are not sufficiently removed in conventional wastewater treatment facilities. Furthermore, these contaminants have been challenging to get rid of due to their low concentration and very high polarity. The
presence of nano-sized, irregularly shaped, and unstable-density adsorbents cause complicated in continuous flow systems, leading to issues like rapid adsorbent loss, leaching, and column blockage. This aim study for formulate and characterize functionalized clay based adsorbent film (ENDFIL). Therefore, potential clay-based adsorbents, bentonite (B), sepiolite (S), and kaolin (K) were examined in the study together with various modifiers nitric acid (HN), epicholohydrin dimethylamine (EPIDMA), and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Therefore, modified kaolin with CPC, named as K-CPC was selected as best adsorbent. The optimization of ENDFIL was formulated by 0.5wt% alginate concentration with ratio volume of alginate solution to mass of K-CPC (10 : 0.6). The result of surface with textured and roughness, morphology analysis showed good distribution of K-CPC. Elemental analysis was detected the increment carbon element six times after adsorption. FTIR analysis confirmed interactions between the ENFDIL and DCF. A decrease and shift in the intensity of certain functional groups on ENFDIL indicated π-π stacking between the aromatic groups of ENFDIL and DCF. Additionally, hydrogen bonding formed via ENFDIL’s hydroxyl group with DCF, while hydrophobic interactions involving the chlorophenyl group and benzene ring of DCF enhanced adsorption, aided by the hydrophobic tails of CPC molecules. The BET analysis of raw kaolin and modified kaolin obtained decrease of surface area (6.67 to 5.57 m2/g) but there some improvements were observed in pore volume (0.02 to 0.03 cm3/g) and pore size (139.75 to 191.64 Å). The pH point zero charged (pHPZC) and zeta potential of ENDFIL proven that possesses positive charges. The batch performance of ENDFIL was conducted by attached adsorptive film interior wall of beaker filled with 200 mL of DCF solution, together parameter studies were focused on are contact time, initial concentration (200 – 1000 µg/L), temperature (303 – 333 K) and pH of solution (3–11). The result found ~95% DCF removal and 286.2 µg/g adsorption capacity. The optimum pH condition for DCF at actual pH 5.82. The reusability study of treated ENDFIL with acetic acid, resulted in an excellent performance by having 6 cycles of adsorption-desorption studied for DCF. The result of equilibrium and kinetic studies indicated that Redlich-Peterson isotherm model and pseudo-second order, respectively, are best – fitted with the adsorption of DCF onto ENDFIL. The thermodynamic studies indicated that DCF was favour to exothermic process, thus the adsorbate was favourable and spontaneous due to the negative values of ΔG° obtained at all temperature. Moreover, this research was aligned with the goals of SDG 6 and SDG 14 which provide “clean water and sanitation” and “life below water”, respectively.