Publication: Determination of heavy metals in powder and cream blushers from local cosmetic brands using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)
| dc.contributor.author | Fazlin, Qistina Sara | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-08-23T07:02:53Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2026-08-23T07:02:53Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2026-01 | |
| dc.description.abstract | Heavy metals have been widely used in the manufacture of cosmetic products, including blusher, which mainly serve as colorants. However, higher concentrations of heavy metals could cause adverse health effects to the consumer such as kidney failure, liver dysfunction and skin irritation especially for long-term exposure. This study aims to analyse the concentration of heavy metals, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) in the blusher samples which are powder-based blusher and cream-based blusher among the local brands products. Hence, two different types of formulations from three different local brands were randomly selected from local market. Each sample undergoes homogenisation and wet acid digestion process as the sample preparation procedure. The blusher samples were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) in order to determine the concentration of heavy metals in the sample. Due to inconsistency differences in concentration of heavy metals among powder and cream blusher, it prevents a clear comparison of the metal content. The data and results obtained from the study were compared to the established regulatory limit of heavy metals in cosmetic products as outlined by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Malaysian National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA). As the result, samples A, B, C, Y and Z displayed Pb concentration that above permissible limit, (Pb ≤10 ppm). Cd levels above the allowable limit (Cd ≤1 ppm) were observed among samples C, X and Z. Higher concentrations of Cr were observed in sample A, B, X and Z (Cr is banned). However, the authorities should closely monitor the manufacture of local cosmetic products as exceeding the standard permissible limit of heavy metals could cause adverse health effects to the consumers and may be charged under the Sale of Drugs Act 1952. | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://erepo.usm.my/handle/123456789/24886 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.subject | - | |
| dc.title | Determination of heavy metals in powder and cream blushers from local cosmetic brands using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) | |
| dc.type | Resource Types::text::thesis::bachelor thesis | |
| dspace.entity.type | Publication | |
| oairecerif.author.affiliation | Universiti Sains Malaysia |