Publication: Examining the relationship between post-traumatic stress symptoms, depressive symptoms, and emotional regulation in individuals with traumatic brain injury
| dc.contributor.author | Zulkarnain, Iszati Afiqah Iskandar | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-03-10T07:48:28Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2026-03-10T07:48:28Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2025 | |
| dc.description.abstract | Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is commonly associated with psychological challenges, including post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), depressive symptoms, and emotional regulation difficulties. Despite the high prevalence of these issues, research on their co-occurrence and interrelationships in TBI populations is limited. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of PTSS, depressive symptoms, and emotional regulation difficulties among individuals with a history of TBI and to explore the relationships between these challenges. A sample of 150 individuals with TBI participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed self-report measures: the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics and correlation tests, were conducted to assess the prevalence and relationships between variables. The results indicated that 80.7% of participants met the clinical threshold for PTSS, with 43.3% exhibiting moderately severe depressive symptoms and 26.7% reporting moderate symptoms. Emotional regulation difficulties were prevalent, with 32.0% showing low cognitive reappraisal scores and 48.0% exhibiting medium levels of expressive suppression. A moderate positive correlation was found between cognitive reappraisal and PTSS (Spearman’s ρ = 0.253, p = 0.002), while a strong positive correlation was observed between expressive suppression and PTSS (Spearman’s ρ = 0.532, p < 0.001). Additionally, a strong positive correlation was found between PTSS and depressive symptoms (Spearman’s ρ = 0.728, p < 0.001). These findings highlight the significant psychological challenges faced by individuals with TBI and underscore the role of emotional regulation in the co-occurrence of PTSS and depression. However, limitations such as the small sample size and reliance on self-report measures suggest that future research should explore larger, longitudinal studies to better understand the interrelationships between these psychological challenges in TBI populations. | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://erepo.usm.my/handle/123456789/23768 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.subject | Traumatic brain injury | |
| dc.subject | post-traumatic stress symptoms | |
| dc.title | Examining the relationship between post-traumatic stress symptoms, depressive symptoms, and emotional regulation in individuals with traumatic brain injury | |
| dc.type | Resource Types::text::thesis::master thesis | |
| dspace.entity.type | Publication | |
| oairecerif.author.affiliation | Universiti Sains Malaysia |