Assessment of water quality around Pengkalan Hulu Perak by multivariate analysis
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Date
2019-07
Authors
Siti Asmidar Binti Ibrahim
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Abstract
Water quality of the Pengkalan Hulu River in Perak is influenced by various factor like
hydrogeochemistry of the prospecting area and pathogenis activities. The characteristics of
water quality in Pengkalan Hulu River need to specify because it may affect the water quality
of the river. The objectives of this study were to assess physicochemical parameters (BOD,
COD, TSS, turbidity, Ammoniacal Nitrogen, pH, temperature change and DO) at surface water
of Pengkalan Hulu, Perak on basis of Water Quality Index (WQI) and raw standard of water
by Ministry of Health (MOH). Besides, determination heavy metal concentration present in the
surface water is analysed by ICP-OES.In addition, evaluation of data by determining the
connection between variables based on Multivariate Statistical Analysis (MSA) by using
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) in box plot form, correlation matrix and
Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The samples were collected at six different points and
three sampling times. The parameters were divided into two types which were in situ
measurement and laboratory measurement and data were analysed by compared it with raw
water standard of MOH and Water Quality Index (WQI). Based on the concentration of pH,
temperature, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD, Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH-3N) and Total Suspended Solid
(TSS), the surface water of the Pengkalan Hulu River at all station is slightly polluted except
for station 5 considered as polluted and according to the ICP-OES data result, it shows that the
concentration of arsenic (As), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead
(Pb), dan zinc (Zn)which were exceeded to the recommended raw standard of MOH and WQI
standard. Moreover, according to MSA, there were relationship between variables such as TSS
and turbidity, TSS and COD, COD and BOD and so on.Thus, it can be concluded that
contamination of surface water in Pengkalan Hulu is not just because of the economic activities
such mining industies and logging activities but also due to its mineralization factor.