Risk Assessment And Occupational Exposure Of Pesticides Among Paddy Farmers In Kampung Permatang Keriang, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| dc.contributor.author | Ahmad, Nur Anis | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2017-01-18T01:56:24Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2017-01-18T01:56:24Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2016-02 | |
| dc.description.abstract | This study aims to assess potential risks, exposure symptoms of pesticides and their relationship with farmers’ knowledge, attitude and practices (K.A.P) and pesticide concentration levels in water samples. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kampung Permatang Keriang, Seberang Perai Utara, Pulau Pinang. A total of thirty-eight farmers out of one hundred nineteen were involved during the questionnaire session. Demographic information, knowledge, attitude and practices of farmers were collected during questionnaire sessions. Ethical approval was obtained from Human Research Ethics Committee USM [Ref: USM/JEPeM/279.3]. Chemical health risk assessments (CHRA) were conducted to sixteen respondents by choosing four different pesticides that frequent used by farmers which were buprofezin, chlorpyrifos, difenoconazole and lambda cyhalothrin. During CHRA, environmental samples in terms of physical air parameters such as air velocity, ambient temperature, relative humidity, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and dust level as well as in-situ water parameters such as dissolve oxygen, pH, water temperature and turbidity were collected. Concentrations of pesticide residues in preapplication and post-application waters samples were determined using GC-MS. From this study, it was found that, 97% of the respondents were male and 3% were female with average ages between 36 until 40 years old. From the knowledge, attitude and practices results, attitude showed the highest maximum score which is 83.10% with the mean of 41.55 and standard deviation of 4.69. Regression analysis results showed that farmers’ knowledge did not contribute to the practices during mixing and handling pesticides otherwise attitudes was contributed to the practices of farmers. From CHRA results, most of the respondents fall into categories of 3 and 4 for hazard rating (HR) and frequency rating (FR). For magnitude rating (MR), they fall into categories 3 to 5. Risk rating was calculated based on risk matrix and most of the respondents were within categories 3 to 5 which are highly exposed to the pesticides. Furthermore, analysis of CHRA with knowledge, attitude and practices showed that although respondents had high score in knowledge, attitude and practice; however, in real field situation, respondents were still highly exposed to the pesticides because of the improper use of personal protective equipment (PPE). From the analysis of pesticide residue concentration in water sample, only difenoconazole residue was detectable for pre-application with the concentration of 4.34 ppm and 6.64 ppm. For the post-application analysis, all of the pesticide residues were detected. For post application, concentration of pesticide residues for difenoconazole ranged between 36.00 ppm and 48.86 ppm, buprofezin ranged between 6.70 ppm and 33.96 ppm, while lambda cyhalothrin ranged between 6.10 ppm and 31.81 ppm and chlorpyrifos ranged between 7.47 ppm and 20.29 ppm. It showed that, all of the pesticide residues (for pre and post-application) exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and European Union (EU) standard limits. Besides, all the respondents were highly exposed to the dangers of pesticides based on the high risk rating (RR) obtained from the CHRA assessment analysis and high amount of pesticides residue concentration in the water samples. In order to minimize the potential risk among respondents, several actions need to be taken towards good agricultural pesticides practices such as the use of hazard and safety measures, monitoring programme, awareness programme and alternative methods. | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/3478 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | en_US |
| dc.publisher | Universiti Sains Malaysia | en_US |
| dc.subject | Paddy farmers | en_US |
| dc.title | Risk Assessment And Occupational Exposure Of Pesticides Among Paddy Farmers In Kampung Permatang Keriang, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia | en_US |
| dc.type | Thesis | en_US |
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