Pusat Pengajian Teknologi Industri - Tesis

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Effects Of Pretreatments On Chemical And Physical Alterations Of Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis) Empty Fruit Bunch For Enhancing Enzymatic Saccharification Yield
(2024-08)
Tannimalay, Hemashini
The direct impacts of chemical composition and physicochemical properties alterations in pretreated biomass on the effectiveness of enzymatic saccharification yield have not been comprehensively elucidated. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of lignocellulose chemical composition and physicochemical properties of pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibre on enzymatic saccharification (total glucose yield, TGY). Three simple aqueous pretreatments (autohydrolysis, acid pretreatment and alkaline pretreatment) and mechanical refining were applied on oil palm empty fruit bunch (Elaeis guineensis) (OPEFB) fibres to enhance its enzymatic hydrolysability by the cellulolytic enzyme. The aqueous pretreatments were conducted at appropriate temperatures for 45 minutes with a solid: liquid ratio of 1:7. The refined untreated and pretreated OPEFB fibres were enzymatically saccharified at a fixed condition of 50°C and pH 4.8 for a duration of 48 hours with a substrate concentration of 25 g/L and an enzyme dosage of 70 FPU/g substrate of Celluclast 1.5 L. The results found that conducting aqueous pretreatment on unrefined OPEFB fibres caused lower lignocellulose degradation and dissolution than the pre-refined one, resulted in minimum cellulose loss and higher TGY. Based on the chemical composition analysis of OPEFB fibres and their enzymatic saccharification/ total glucose yield (TGY) by HPLC, autohydrolysed OPEFB fibre achieved the maximum (> 99.9%) TGY, attributed to 77% hemicellulose and 24% lignin removals, with only 16% cellulose loss during pretreatment.
Utilisation Of Superheated Steam And Torrefacto Roasting On Quality Attributes Of Black Seed (Nigella Sativa) For Beverage Application
(2024-09)
Veeriah, Harivaindaran K.
Nigella sativa, known as black seed, has many health benefits and is typically roasted prior to consumption. This causes detrimental quality loss, thus, an innovative method such as superheated steam (SHS) and torrefacto roasting may be advantageous. This research aims to develop a beverage from SHS torrefacto (TR) roasted black seeds. In the first phase, SHS was applied to black seeds at 150℃, 200℃ and 250℃ for 10, 15, and 20 mins at each temperature then compared to convection roasting at the same parameters for lipid oxidation, proximate, antioxidants, and essential oils. Results indicated that SHS roasted seeds yielded more oil (24.83 % vs only 23.23 % oil for convection) and had better peroxide value (highest value for convection, 84.00 versus SHS, 48.00 meq O2/kg of oil), p-anisidine value (highest value; for convection, 28.36 versus SHS, 23.73), FRAP values (SHS; 327 to 435 mM FeSO4/g sample, convection; 301 to 356 mM FeSO4/g sample), and DPPH scavenging capacity (SHS; 92.45 to 69.97 % inhibition, convection; 92.08 to 65.81 % inhibition). Results also indicate unsuitable extraction method and poor seed quality since oil oxidative analysis results were all above standard acceptable levels. Convection roasting also caused loss of thymoquinone, an important characteristic component of black seed essential oil. In the second phase, black seeds were TR and SHS roasted at 220℃ for 10 min. This roasting time and temperature was derived via response surface methodology for maximum antioxidant capacity.
Trace Element Supplementation In Palm Oil Mill Effluent (Pome) Anaerobic Digestion System For Methane Yield Enhancement
(2019-08)
Choong, Yee Yaw
Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is an organic waste which can be converted into biogas (methane) as renewable energy by anaerobic digestion. Among the strategies for improving the methane yield of POME, the aspect of trace element has been neglected. From the literatures, iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) are the most demanded elements for the anaerobic digestion system as micronutrient. Not forgetting, the element bioavailability must be considered, as it is more representative which reflects the available amount of element for interacting with the biological systems.
Enhancement Of Micro Filled Epoxy Composites Through Incorporation Of Nano Structured Oil Palm Ash
(2019-08)
Hashim, Mohammad Fizree
Kajian ini mengkaji dan mencirikan kesan abu kelapa sawit terstruktur nano (OPA) sebagai penguat dalam komposit berasaskan epoksi yang terisi mikro. Kajian awal dijalankan untuk menentukan saiz zarah dan penambahan pengisi yang optimum untuk komposit epoksi yang terisi mikro. Saiz zarah dan penambahan pengisi OPA terstruktur mikro yang optimum dikenalpasti pada saiz Mesh 300 dan 30% penambahan pengisi.
Microbial Assisted Date Palm Nanocellulose Isolation And The Fabrication Of Hydrophobic Nanostructured Aerogel For Oil Removal
(2024-08)
Mohamed, Elarbash Suhail Salem
The integration of biological processes, exemplified by Aspergillus niger, emerges as a cornerstone for innovative and eco-conscious practices in nanocellulose isolation. This thesis investigates the isolation of nanocellulose from date palm sheath fibers (DPSF) using Aspergillus niger, and the fabrication of hydrophobic aerogel. Pretreatment of DPSF was initially done prior to the microbial treatment, including pulping and bleaching process to get rid of lignin and other impurities. Post treatment including homogenization process was also included to effectively separate the nano fibers. The date palm sheath fibers showcased a cellulose content of 49.3%, accompanied by 22.7% lignin and 20.4% hemicellulose. Leveraging the enzymatic action of Aspergillus niger effectively dismantled the complex lignocellulosic structure, yielding nanocellulose with substantially reduced size. Extended incubation periods, notably the 96-hour treatment (DPSF-96), markedly decreased fiber size, with 81.3% ranging between 0 to 10 nm, albeit reducing the yield to 84%. Notably, DPSF- 72 exhibited optimal yield with most fibers falling within the nano-scale range (<100 nm). TEM analysis vividly displayed nanocellulose fibrillation post-microbial enzyme action, portraying individual fibers separating from bundled structures, demonstrating smaller diameters and enhanced fiber dispersion. In comparing zeta potential values, commercial nanocellulose registered -30.9 ± 4.7 mV, while the isolated variant showcased superior stability with -33.4 ± 2.7 mV.

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