Pusat Pengajian Teknologi Industri - Tesis

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Enhanced Secondary Metabolites Accumulation In Tetraselmis Suecica Via Nutrient Supplementation For Biological Evaluations Of Anti-oxidant, Anti-obesity, And Anti-inflammatory Properties
(2024-08)
Shahril, Nor Shafiqah Nor
Microalgae are adaptive microorganisms with the capability to produce various functional secondary metabolites under controlled conditions. However, enhanced accumulation of secondary metabolites under the manipulation of carbon and nitrogen supplementations in microalgae cultivation are relatively underrepresented. In this study, a marine green microalga, Tetraselmis suecica was utilized to evaluate the effects of combined supplementation of carbon (molasses, glycerol, sodium acetate) and nitrogen (urea, ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate) sources towards the secondary metabolites’ accumulation for biological evaluations. Briefly, the microalgae were cultivated in media with or without supplementation of carbon and nitrogen sources. The biomass was obtained, and the crude extracts were extracted using different organic solvents with increasing polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol). The total phenolic contents of crude extracts were quantified. Following this, the extracts of combined supplementations with higher biomass and phenolic contents were evaluated for the in vitro antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammatory properties. The chemical profiling of extracts was carried out using Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). The results showed that combined supplementation of sodium acetate and sodium nitrate exhibited enhanced dry cell weight (1.095±0.03 g/L) and total phenolic contents (591.80±0.92 μg GAE/mg extract) in ethanol extract compared to control.
Adhesion Properties Of Ultraviolet-Cured Rubber Based Adhesives By Benzoyl Peroxide As Sole Initiator
(2024-07)
Goon, Shuang Er
UV initiators are generally more expensive than conventional free radical initiator. Furthermore, combining UV initiator with conventional free radical initiator may induce initiation complication. Thus, there is a need to assess conventional free radical initiator such as benzoyl peroxide as sole UV-initiator to initiate crosslinking in UV-cured rubber-based adhesive. This study is significant since it addresses another characteristic of benzoyl peroxide as sole UV-initiator in contrast with its common role as thermal catalyst. This study will contribute to the existing literature by examining the adhesion properties of UV-cured rubber based adhesives by benzoyl peroxide as sole initiator. Parameters analysed were number of UV passes (0, 5, 10, 15, 20), coating thickness (60 μm and 120 μm) and type of rubber (SMR-L, ENR-25, ENR-50). The first objective is to assess the abilities of benzoyl peroxide as sole UV-initiator to initiate crosslinking in rubber-based adhesive as evaluated by viscosity measurement, gel content test, FTIR and pendulum hardness.
Nutritional Analysis And Hazard Risk Assessments Of Selected Aquaculture Species In Penang Focusing On Fish Oil Characteristics Of Golden Pompano (Trachinotus Blochii)
(2024-08)
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Aquaculture is a rapidly growing food production sector to alleviate global hunger, malnutrition, food security and nutrition deprivation. This study is aimed to explore a comprehensive spectrum of nutritional composition using aquaculture species. High commodity values aquaculture species in Penang, Malaysia were selected, and their nutritional quantification and health risk estimation were assessed. The study also extracted fish oil from the aquaculture products and evaluating their biological activities. Six marine aquaculture species, namely bigeye trevally, golden pompano, golden snapper, grouper, red snapper, and seabass were studied extensively. All cultured species contained adequate protein and lipid content, ranging from 21.1 to 26.9%, and 0.4 to 10.7%, respectively. Essential amino acid (EAA) to the total amino acid ratio (TAA) of culture species was comparable to the FAO reference values (50%), with leucine and lysine demonstrated the most important EAA. Fatty acid profiling showed that seabass and grouper were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Golden pompano and red snapper contained the greatest values of riboflavin and pyridoxine. The nutritional quality indices indicated that the cultured species were within the permissible ratios (<1) for both atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. All cultured species potentially contributed more than 10% of protein, vitamin D3, and B2, K, Mg, P, and less than 1% of vitamin A, E, B6, Na, and Ca for both the adult and children populations in Malaysia.
Characterization Of Lignocellulosic Film Made Of Unbleached Pulp Solutions And Cellulose Nanowhisker From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch
(2024-08)
Norazli, Najieha
Studies of bio-nanocomposites using sustainable green materials from biomass waste are presently gain the attention worldwide. Lignocellulosic biomass in the form of plant materials offers the most abundant renewable resource in replacing traditional fossil resources. In the present study, lignocellulosic biomass films were prepared directly from oil palm empty fruit bunch OPEFB pulp solutions in DMAc/LiCl without additional film-forming additives incorporated with 1%, 3%, and 5% via solvent casting method using various types of OPEFB CNW isolated using different types of delignification treatment and then casted into films. Mechanical behaviour, morphological properties, thermal properties, and functionality groups and the effect of adding the OPEFB CNW into the bio-nanocomposites films were then evaluated by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle, mechanical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The semi-transparent film with a yellowish colour was obtained due to the presence of lignin. The results showed good compatibility of lignocellulosic material and CNW which is responsible for the increasing in mechanical properties of the film. This also led to less hydrophilicity of the film as the filler loading increasing and no big difference between the effects of two types of CNW used. FTIR analysis spectra show a similar pattern with only different in the intense and broadening of the peaks.
Environmental Impacts And Energy Consumption Of Waste Lubricant Oil Recovery System By Life Cycle Assessment
(2024-09)
Daut, Nadzirah Muhamad
The waste lubricant oil recovery process can have significant environmental impacts due to material and energy inputs, which can be evaluated through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). However, research in this area is limited. This study addressed the gap by quantitatively analyzing the environment impacts and energy consumption of three waste oil categories: SW 305 (Spent Lubricating Oil), SW 306 (Spent Hydraulic Oil) and SW 307 (Spent Mineral Oil-Water Emulsion). The study utilized operational data from a waste oil recovery facility in Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang, covering January to June 2023. Using the ReCiPe 2016 method in OpenLCA, the environmental impacts on human health, ecosystem quality, and resource availability were assessed for 13,000 liters of each waste oil. Characterization revealed significant variations among the waste oils. SW 306 and SW 305 had more consistent properties, facilitating stable recovery process, while SW 307 required specialized treatment due to higher water content, lower viscosity, and higher density. In terms of human health impacts, SW 305 generally had higher impacts, except for human non-carcinogenic toxicity (HNT), where SW 306 was higher. SW 307 consistently showed the lowest impacts, making it the least harmful for human health. Regarding ecosystem quality, SW 305 had higher impacts in most categories, except for terrestrial ecotoxicity (TE) and freshwater eutrophication (FE), where SW 306 was more harmful. SW 307 again showed the lowest impacts, indicating it was the least harmful to the environment.

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