Copper Tannate Complex As A Potential Marine Antifouling Agent
| dc.contributor.author | Mat Nor, Sharifah Radziah | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2016-12-08T08:13:21Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2016-12-08T08:13:21Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2016-09 | |
| dc.description.abstract | Due to the banned of many antifouling biocides such as tributyltin and diuron because of their toxic impacts on the marine environment, there is an urgent need for a novel antifouling agent. Therefore, one of the alternatives to overcome this biofouling problem is by shifting to the green technology. In this present study, tannin extracted from Rhizophora apiculata was selected as the natural source as it was proven to posses antimicrobial property and can be easily combined with metal ions (i.e: copper) to form a metal-tannate complexes that later can be incorporated in the antifouling paint. Four different metal-tannate complexes were tested for antimicrobial properties via disc-diffusion assay against a series of marine bacterial isolates. Copper-tannate complex showed the strongest antimicrobial activity with diameter zone of inhibition ranged from 10- 22 mm. The MIC and MBC values obtained ranged from 0.25 mg/ml to 1.00 mg/ml and from 0.50 mg/ml to 2.00 mg/ml, respectively. From the ratio of MBC/MIC, copper-tannate complex showed bactericidal effect on seven marine bacteria and bacteriostatic effect on Vibrio alginolyticus IBRL FB6 and Bacillus aquimaris IBRL FB13. Time kill assay revealed that the antibacterial activity of copper-tannate complex was a concentration-dependent. The main abnormalities observed via SEM and TEM study after treatment with copper-tannate complex were the alterations in morphology and cytology of the bacterial cells where bacterial cells changed from normal rod-shaped bacillus to having an irregular appearance, showing formation of pits and cavities, wrinkle surface and lost in rigidity of the cells due to the leakage of cell cytoplasm. The toxicity of copper-tannate complex was determined on Artemia salina. By comparing the LC50 values for acute (6 h) and chronic (24 h) toxicity of copper-tannate complex, mixed-tannin and copper sulphate pentahydrate, it can be concluded that the copper ions contributed to the toxicity of copper-tannate complexes and the increase of mortality is proportional to increase of extract concentration and exposure time. For the field test, copper- tannate formulated antifouling paint was applied on fishnet panels. After two months of exposure in the seawater, panels with higher concentration (19.35 mg/ml) of copper tannate complex were less affected with biofoulers compared to panels painted with lower concentration of copper-tannate (12.9 mg/ml). In conclusion, this preliminary study on the effects of copper-tannate complex formulated paint on the fishnets revealed the potential use of this complex in slowing the attachment of the biofoulers on the substract (the fish net). | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/3269 | |
| dc.subject | Tannin extracted from Rhizophora apiculata was selected as the natural source | en_US |
| dc.subject | and can be easily combined with metal ions | en_US |
| dc.title | Copper Tannate Complex As A Potential Marine Antifouling Agent | en_US |
| dc.type | Thesis | en_US |
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