The Synthesis Of Functionalized-Silica/Carbon Catalysts From Rice Husk For The Conversion Of Hexose Sugar Into Methyl Levulinate And 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

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dc.contributor.authorSyed Abd Kadir, Syed Muhammad Al-Amsyar
dc.date.accessioned2019-01-31T07:36:05Z
dc.date.available2019-01-31T07:36:05Z
dc.date.issued2018-02
dc.description.abstractRecently, silica/carbon composite material has received much attention in heterogeneous catalysis due to its unique hybrid properties. However, the difficulties in designing green synthetic methods remain challenging. In this study, varied proportion of silica/carbon heterogeneous catalyst was prepared directly from rice husk by varying the carbonization temperatures (250, 300, 350, 400, and 450 °C). The prepared composites were functionalized separately with sulfonic acid and aluminium oxide giving the following catalysts: sulfonated-silica/carbon (SO3H-SiO2/C-250, SO3H-SiO2/C-300, SO3H-SiO2/C-350, SO3H-SiO2/C-400, SO3H-SiO2/C-450) and silica/carbon-supported aluminium oxide (Al-SiO2/C-350, Al-SiO2/C-400, and Al-SiO2/C-450). For the SO3H-SiO2/C catalysts, the XRD data confirms these composites were amorphous. Higher carbonization temperature showed an increase in porosity (pore size increased from 40 to 53 Å), total pore volume (increased from 0.031 to 0.288 cm3/g), and surface area (increased from 39 to 260 m2/g) of the composites. EDX analysis showed the silicon-to-carbon weight ratios of the composite increased from 0.114to 1.12 with increase in carbonization temperature. However, the sulfur-to-carbon weight ratio showed a decrease from 0.040 to 0.0055. In the case of Al-SiO2/C catalyst, XPS data showed the presence of aluminium in the form of Al2O3 (1.03 wt%).en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/7710
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherUniversiti Sains Malaysiaen_US
dc.subjectThe synthesis of functionalized-silica/carbon catalystsen_US
dc.subjectfrom rice husk for the conversion of hexose sugaren_US
dc.titleThe Synthesis Of Functionalized-Silica/Carbon Catalysts From Rice Husk For The Conversion Of Hexose Sugar Into Methyl Levulinate And 5-Hydroxymethylfurfuralen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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