CELL WALL ARCHITECTURE, PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF BAMBOO, KENAF AND RICE STRAW FIBERS
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Date
2010-03
Authors
ABDUL FATAH, IREANA YUSRA
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Abstract
A study on cell wall ultrastructure, anatomy, chemical composition, lignin distribution
and fiber dimension of cultivated lignocellulosic fibers such as bamboo (B), kenaf (K)
and rice straw (RS) were conducted. Anatomical features such as, cell wall ultrastructure
and anatomy was viewed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Light
Microscopy (LM) respectively. Microfibrill Angle was obtained from Wide Angle X-ray
Scattering (W AXS) technique. Chemical analysis was done according to T APPI Test
Standard Method. The functional group in fibers was detected using Fourier Transform
Infrared (FT -IR). Thermal properties were analyzed from Thermogravimetric Analysis
(TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC). Fiber dimensions were measured
using Image Analyzer. In this study, TEM micrograph confirmed that, kenaf and rice
straw showed similar cell wall ultra structure as compared to wood with the presences of
primary (P) and secondary (Sl, S2 and S3) layers accept for bamboo, polylamellate
structure. Anatomical characteristics determined bamboo and rice straw were monocot
due to the vascular bundles that appeared in the fiber, which consist of basic vascular
tissue such as fiber, phloem, vessel and parenchyma. Lignin distribution in fibers
illustrated that most of the fiber; vessel and epidermis exhibited an evidence of
lignification except for phloem and parenchyma cell. Chemical composition analysis
showed that bamboo had the highest percentage of extractive content followed by rice
straw and kenaf while kenaf contained highest amount of holocellulose followed by rice
straw and bamboo. In conjunction, bamboo showed the highest percentage in cellulose
and lignin content compared to kenaf and rice straw. Rice straw fiber exhibited the
highest while bamboo showed the lowest percentage for the ash content. Ff-IR analysis
showed that appearance of hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxylic group proved the
existence of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin in the fibers. The highest value for fiber
length was in kenaf bast fiber. Bamboo fiber had the thickest cell wall fiber with the
highest in fiber diameter and the lowest in fiber lumen diameter. For the thermal
properties, TGA showed kenaf had a better thermal stability and resistance to thermal
degradation due to the higher concentration of hemicelluloses and lignin. While in DSC,
second transitional endotherms occured at temperature ISO°C and 180°C for kenaf and
rice straw respectively but not appeared in bamboo. This higher temperature was due to
the presence of lignin and polysaccharides combination in the fiber.
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Keywords
CHARACTERISTICS , RICE STRAW FIBERS