CROWD SIMULATION MODELLING IN EMERGENCY AND PANIC SITUATIONS
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Date
2006-05
Authors
AB KARIM, MOHD BAZLI
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Abstract
Crowds or large concentrations of human occur frequently in modern society.
These large gatherings of humans usually occur without serious problems. Occasionally,
the combination of inadequate facilities and deficient crowd management results in injury
or death. So, this extreme crowding results in individual loss of control, and both
psychological and physiological problems. Human modelling in emergency and panic
situations is a complicated problem as it involves a great deal of various psychological and
psychological states, and interactions among other entities within a crowd, and the crowd
with the environment in which the crowd is placed. To address this issue, we highlight the
challenges and requirements of modelling crowd in emergency and panic situations.
Based on a study of human behaviours in emergency and panic situations, a
human model in particular for emergency and panic situations is developed. Several
internal attributes corresponding to various psychological and physiological states (e.g.
emotion, mobility, level of fear, perception etc.) are considered in this model. These
include a clear definition on the concepts of emergency and panic, and the relationship
between emergency and panic situations as well as the overt and covert features of
panicked human. Four different phases of terror and fear of death are identified. Based on
the human model and existing crowd models, a new crowd model is developed for
emergency and panic situations. We also consider physical laws and forces, collision
detection and avoidance, real human thinking and feelings (e.g. fear, adaptation,
perception, memory, emotion, innate etc.) and different degrees of autonomy in
emergency and panic situations. A new modified system architecture for the integration of
the model with the simulation environment with a particular focus on the web-based
environment is also proposed. A prototype that realises most of the principles that have
been laid out in the research has been used to affirm, test and understand the
technological restriction, cost, performance and efficiencies of such an endeavour.
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Keywords
SIMULATION MODELLING , EMERGENCY AND PANIC