Choline Chloride – Citric Acid Monohydrate Based Deep Eutectic Solvents As Alternative Media For Averrhoa Bilimbi Pectin (Abp) Extraction And As Plasticizers For Abp Bioplastic

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dc.contributor.authorShafie, Muhammad Hakimin
dc.date.accessioned2022-04-04T06:39:38Z
dc.date.available2022-04-04T06:39:38Z
dc.date.issued2021-03
dc.description.abstractAverrhoa bilimbi is an abundance and underutilized fruit. The extraction of pectin using strong acids and mineral acids produce hazardous effluents and low yield, respectively. Therefore, A. bilimbi fruit was suggested to be a good source of pectin whereas the deep eutectic solvent (DES) was suggested to be an environmental friendly and highly efficient medium for A. bilimbi pectin (ABP) extraction and as an alternative plasticizer for bioplastic (BP) production. The choline chloride – citric acid monohydrate based DES at different molar ratios (i.e. 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) were successfully synthesized and DES 1:1 was found to meet the eutectic point. Results showed that increasing the molar ratio of citric acid monohydrate in DES, higher values of viscosity, surface tension and density were observed. Subsequently, these DESs were used as a medium for extraction of ABP. The result showed that DES-assisted extraction process required shorter time (30 minutes less) than citric acid monohydrate and the yield was higher (4.96% more) with optimal condition of 3.74% (w/v) of DES, an extraction temperature of 80 °C, and extraction time of 2.5 h. Apart from that, ABP-CAM was found lower in linearity with higher branch size of the pectin than ABP-DES. It was also observed that using DES as the extraction medium had improved the water and oil holding capacities (4.25 and 101.69%, respectively), foaming capacity (6.19%) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity (43.56%) compared to ABP-CAM. Results also demonstrated that different molar ratios of DES components had significantly affected the structural properties of the extracted ABPs (i.e. linearity of pectin and branch size). Thus, affecting the functional properties. The potential of ABP as a source of biopolymer for BP production was also explored. The BP-ABP3:1, which was produced from ABP with large branch size, showed a higher value of melting temperature (175.30 °C), tensile stress (7.32 MPa) and modulus (33.64 MPa) due to the interaction of pectin chains was stronger. The BP-ABP3:1 also showed better barrier properties by obtaining the lowest water vapor transmission rates (1.10 – 1.18 mg/m2.s) and moisture absorption values (2.61 – 32.13%) depending on the relative humidity compared to other BP-ABPs that have linear structure with smaller branch size. Besides that, the influence of different molar ratios of components in DES as a plasticizer was investigated on the BP properties. It should be highlighted that DES at its eutectic point (molar ratio 1:1) exhibited minimal plasticizing effect due to the self-interaction of choline chloride and citric acid monohydrate. Also, the plasticizing effect increased when the molar ratio of citric acid monohydrate was higher. Furthermore, the selected BP-DES1:1 showed potential application as a capsule material by exhibiting its capability to withstand digestion in artificial saliva and fully dissolved in simulated gastric fluid, not cytotoxic, as well as provide delayed action in the fish oil oxidation process. In conclusion, this DES is a good alternative for pectin extraction, and as a plasticizer for BP production. These findings demonstrated that pectin extracted from A. bilimbi could be explored as novel promising natural pharmacological biopolymer and/or potential functional food ingredient.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/123456789/15018
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherUniversiti Sains Malaysiaen_US
dc.titleCholine Chloride – Citric Acid Monohydrate Based Deep Eutectic Solvents As Alternative Media For Averrhoa Bilimbi Pectin (Abp) Extraction And As Plasticizers For Abp Bioplasticen_US
dc.typeThesisen_US
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