The Association Between Physical Activity, Body Mass Index (Bmi) And Waist Circumference With Neighbourhood Environment Attributes, Physical Activity Behaviours And Dietary Intake Among Adults In Kota Bharu And Penang, Malaysia
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Date
2017-01
Authors
Lee, Yi Yi
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Abstract
Physical activity, described as a series of behaviours involving body movements that results in a substantial increase above the resting energy expenditure, has been proved to be beneficial for health and well-being. Adults with insufficient physical activity have a higher risk of morbidity due to non-communicable diseases, compared to those who perform at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity weekly as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2015 indicated that 66.5% of Malaysian adults were categorized as physically active according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) – Short Form definition. The same survey reported that the national prevalence of overweight and obesity was 30.0% and 17.7%, respectively. Previous studies have shown strong and reliable evidence on the relevance of neighbourhood environment attributes with physical activity and obesity. The aims of this study were to determine 1) the association between physical activity, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference measurements with perceived neighbourhood environment attributes, and 2) the association between BMI and waist circumference with objectively-measured physical activity, sedentary time and dietary intake among adults in two cities in Malaysia. The study was conducted based on the protocols of
the International Physical Activity and Environment Network (IPEN) - Adult study, which was a coordinated, international, cross-sectional study. Participants (n=490) were sampled from neighbourhoods with varied levels of walkability (based on geographic information systems) and socioeconomic status. Mean daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) were objectively measured with 5 to 7 days of accelerometer monitoring. The participants also completed the Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) and the IPAQ – Long Form questionnaires. Associations between physical activity, BMI and waist circumference with the neighbourhood environmental attributes, as well as associations between other outcomes and independent variables were estimated using MIXED models. The participants accumulated a mean of 13.5 minutes per day (min/day) of MVPA, indicating very low physical activity compared to other countries that used the IPEN protocols, which MVPA ranged from 29.2 to 50.1 min/day. Several perceived neighbourhood environment attributes were significantly, positively or negatively, associated with both objectively-measured MVPA and self-reported physical activity, BMI, and waist circumference measurements after adjusting for covariates (p<0.05). The residential density (Estimate b= .012) and land use mix – diversity (Estimate b= 1.348) attributes were positively associated with total MVPA, while the infrastructure and safety for walking and cycling attribute (Estimate b= -2.451) was negatively associated with total MVPA. The residential density (Estimate b= -.006) and traffic safety (Estimate b= -1.123) attributes were found to be negatively associated with BMI, whereas the land use mix – access attribute (Estimate b= .765) was positively associated with BMI. It was found that the residential density (Estimate b= -.012) and traffic safety (Estimate b= -3.192) attributes show negative associations with waist circumference measurements.
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Keywords
Physical activity , beneficial for health and well-being.