Pusat Pengajian Sains Kesihatan - Tesis

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Knowledge and prevention practice toward hypoglycemia among diabetic patients using insulin injection in Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia
(2025-08)
Ashri, Awanis Mohd
This study aimed to assess the knowledge and prevention practices toward hypoglycemia among diabetic patients using insulin injections at Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia (HPUSM). Hypoglycemia, a frequent and potentially life-threatening complication of insulin therapy, remains inadequately understood by many patients. A cross-sectional design was used involving 185 respondents attending the outpatient clinics at Klinik Pakar Perubatan (KPP) and Klinik Rawatan Keluarga (KRK). Data were collected through a validated, self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and Pearson correlation in SPSS Version 28. The findings showed that 54.1% of participants had low knowledge levels, and 58.4% demonstrated low levels of prevention practices. There was a significant association between knowledge and preventive practices (p < 0.05), and sociodemographic factors such as age, education level, and household income were significantly associated with both outcomes. The study highlights a pressing need for structured diabetes education programs tailored to improve knowledge and promote effective self-care practices to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia among insulin-using diabetic patients.
Knowledge and self-efficacy regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation among caregivers in Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia
(2025-08)
Charlie, Allyn
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a vital life-saving skill that can significantly increase a person’s chances of survival after a cardiac arrest. In hospital settings, caregivers are often among the first to respond in such emergencies, making their readiness to perform CPR especially important. This study aimed to explore how much caregivers at Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia (HPUSM) know about CPR and how confident they feel in performing it. It also looked at how age, gender, and education level might influence their confidence. significant impact on confidence (p = 0.001), with older caregivers generally feeling less assured. However, gender and education level did not show any significant effects. In summary, this study highlights the importance of CPR training, especially in improving both knowledge and confidence among caregivers. Targeted training particularly for older caregivers could help fill existing gaps and improve their ability to respond effectively in real-life emergencies. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 173 caregivers from five hospital wards. A validated questionnaire adapted from Gao et al. (2024), the Ministry of Health Malaysia (2016) and Ministry of Health Malaysia (2019) was used to assess both CPR knowledge and self-efficacy. The survey included 12 questions on CPR knowledge and 11 on self-efficacy, each rated on a five-point Likert scale. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression with SPSS Version 28.0. The results showed that caregivers had a moderate level of knowledge and confidence. Most felt comfortable recognizing cardiac arrest and taking initial steps like calling for help, but many were unsure about more technical aspects such as the correct chest compression rate or depth. A strong positive relationship was found between knowledge and self-efficacy (r = 0.851, p < 0.001), meaning that the more knowledgeable caregivers were, the more confident they felt. Age also had a
Assessment of cytokine secretions by monocytes in the presence of synovial fluid-derived exosomes
(2025-01)
Bahri, Tengku Qashrina Adriana Tengku Shaifful
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease marked by inflammation and cartilage deterioration. Synovial fluid-derived exosomes are emerging as key modulators in OA pathogenesis, influencing immune responses and cytokine secretion. This study aimed to assess cytokine secretions, specifically soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), complement component 5a (C5a), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), by monocytes in the presence of synovial fluid-derived exosomes. Exosomes were isolated from the synovial fluid of late-stage OA patients through ultracentrifugation and characterised by Western blot and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Exosome size has been confirmed between 30 to 150 nm by NTA. Additionally, exosomes expressed tetraspanin markers CD9, CD63, CD81, and HSP70 as demonstrated by Western blot. Monocytes isolated from healthy donor peripheral blood, were cultured with exosomes at various ratios (1:10, 1:20, and 1:40) and time points (24 and 48 hours). Cytokine levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results of this study showed that monocyte-exosome interactions influenced cytokine secretion in a time- and dose-dependent manner. sICAM-1 and C5a exhibited a declining trend with prolonged incubation, except at higher exosome concentrations, where C5a secretion was increased. MIF levels peaked after 48 hours, suggesting delayed cytokine induction. These findings highlight the immunomodulatory role of exosomes in OA, providing insight into the inflammatory processes underlying disease progression
Changes in ph of digestive vacuole of plasmodium falciparum treated with pipecolisporin and analogue ii peptide
(2025-01)
Fauzi, Nurul Adila Ahmad
Malaria is a severe and fatal disease caused by Plasmodium spp. and remains one of the leading global causes of morbidity and mortality. The emergence of drug-resistant P. falciparum in various countries has necessitated an effort to discover new antimalarial drugs targeting different pathways. Research on the potential of pipecolisporin and analogue II as an antimalarial agent has remained limited. Therefore, this study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the antimalarial activity of pipecolisporin and analogue II peptides. The antimalarial potential of pipecolisporin and analogue II against the chloroquine-sensitive strain (3D7) of P. falciparum was assessed based on the calculation of parasitaemia using Giemsa stained-blood smears. The pipecolisporin and analogue II exhibited highly active antimalarial activity with an IC50 value of 0.4770 and 0.1170 μM, respectively. A further investigation focused on the effect of pipecolisporin and analogue II towards the pH of the mid trophozoite stage parasite’s digestive vacuole, employing a flow cytometry-based technique with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran) as a pH ratiometric probe. The results revealed no increase in pH following pipecolisporin and analogue II treatment. Suggests that pipecolisporin and analogue II might not have the mechanism to alter the digestive vacuole’s pH through the inhibition of V-type H+-ATPase that regulates the acidification of the vacuole. Overall, this study provides crucial evidence of pipecolisporin and analogue II capability as a promising antimalarial candidate
Cytotoxicity study on the combination of cisplatin and gallic acid on cervical cancer cells (hela)
(2025-01)
Ramlan, Nur Iman Nafisa
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide and remains a major health concern. Cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic agent, is often limited by severe side effects and the development of resistance. Combining cisplatin with natural compounds, such as gallic acid, may enhance therapeutic efficacy while reducing toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and anti-migratory effects of cisplatin combined with gallic acid on cervical cancer cells (HeLa). Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). Serial dilution of cisplatin, starting from its IC50 was combined with a fixed concentration of gallic acid at its IC50. The combination effects were analyzed using CompuSyn software to assess potential synergy, additivity, or antagonism. The combination with the greatest synergistic effect was then chosen for wound healing assay, to examine the anti-migratory effects of the combination. The IC50 of cisplatin and gallic acid for HeLa cells were 25.12 μg/mL and 85.70 μg/mL, after 24 hours, which decreased to 1.786 μg/mL and 13.27 μg/mL at 48 hours. For WRL-68 cells, the IC50 values of cisplatin and gallic acid were 28.02 μg/mL and >100 μg/mL at 24 hours, decreasing to 8.842 μg/mL and 21.06 μg/mL at 48 hours. All combinations of cisplatin and gallic acid significantly inhibited HeLa cell proliferation with combination index values below 1, indicating a synergistic effect. Furthermore, the combination exhibited anti-migratory effects, showing the lowest percentage of wound closure compared to control and single treatment groups. These findings suggest that combining cisplatin with gallic acid holds potential as a novel therapeutic strategy to enhance cervical cancer treatment outcomes

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