Nutritional Composition And Biological Evaluation Of Ficus Hispida Leaves
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Date
2017-08
Authors
Abdul Aziz, Siti Hajar
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Abstract
This study aims investigate the biological potential of Ficus hispida belonging to Family of Moraceae. The cross-section of F. hispida leaf under light microscope showed the presence of xylem, phloem, vascular bundle, collenchyma, unicellular and glandular trichomes, stomata, mesophyll, intercellular space and epidermal layer. The abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaf observed via scanning electron microscope overviewed on the polygonal pavement cells, hairy trichome with bulbous base and prickly end, micropapillae, stomata and the paracytic subsidiary cell. Macronutrients of N (2.96±0.02 %), K (826±1.63 ppm), Ca (513.93±1.33ppm), and Mg (43±0.53 ppm) and micronutrients Zn (0.67±0.00 ppm), and Fe (2.53±0.00 ppm) were determined via Kjedahl method and Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The proximate composition determined on dry basis were fat (3.30±0.34% w/w), crude protein (18.50±0.13% w/w), crude fiber (15.56±3.63% w/w), total ash (17.65±0.02% w/w), total moisture (4.67±0.77% w/w), carbohydrate (40.32±3.34 w/w) and nutritive value (264±15.34 kcal). The extraction of F. hispida leaves prepared via maceration using hexane, chloroform, 80% methanol and water as solvents conservatively yielded the highest percentages in 80% methanol (9.22%). The IC50 value in DPPH scavenging was the lowest in 80% methanol extract (0.1921±0.00 mg/mL) followed by water (0.9953±0.03 mg/mL). The IC50 value extract in ABTS assay was the lowest in 80% methanol (0.1699±0.003 mg/mL), chloroform (0.2659±0.005 mg/mL), hexane (0.2981±0.005 mg/mL), and water (0.3248±0.009 mg/mL). The EC50 value of reducing power assays were 0.5004±0.004 mg/mL (hexane), and 0.3000±0.002 mg/mL (chloroform) extracts. The TPC values for the extracts were 180.24 ± 2.18 mg GAE/g (chloroform), 134.25±0.11 mg GAE/g (hexane), 115.15±0.70 mg GAE/g (water), and 88.83±1.03 mg GAE/g (80% methanol). The highest value of TFC was in 80% methanol extract (473.86±0.84 mg QE/g) followed by water (328.20±2.53 mg QE/g), hexane (155.68±0.84 mg QE/g) and chloroform extracts (147.42±1.76 mg QE/g). The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, reducing sugars, glycosides, phenolics, tannins, steroids and triterpenoids, gums and mucilages, amino acids, proteins, flavonoid and phlobatannins in the F. hispida leaf extracts. The inhibition activities of the well diffusion against B. cereus and S. aureus were recorded only in 80% methanol (10.33±0.47cm) and hexane (11.33±0.47 cm) extracts whereas inhibitions on B. spizizeni and M. leteus were seen in 80% methanol, hexane and chloroform extracts were at 9.33±0.47 to 13±0.00 cm and 11±0.00 to 12±0.82 cm respectively. Value of LC50 determined via in vitro toxicity test on the nauplii of Brine Shrimp was the lowest in 80% methanol (138.02 μg/mL) extract. This suggested that the methanol extract was the most toxic compared to hexane, chloroform and water extracts. This study ascertained the biological potential of F. hispida leaves.
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Keywords
The biological potential of Ficus hispida , belonging to Family of Moraceae