PENGEKSTRAKAN, PENCIRIAN DAN MEKANISME TINDAKAN SEBATIAN AKTIF DARIPADA Alpinia galanga (Willd.) Zingiberaceae SEBAGAI BAHAN ANTIMIKROB
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Date
2003-07
Authors
MOHD. HUSSAIN, ROSITA
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Abstract
Bioactivity screening was done on nine species of Zingiberaceae plants using human
pathogens such as bacteria, yeasts and dermatophytes. Out of these nine species,
Alpinia galanga was found to be most effective inhibiting growth of pathogens
through the disk diffusion method. A. galanga was chosen for extraction
optimisation and further studies. The extract was found to be most effective
inhibiting growth of pathogens when extracted with organic solvents. Optimisation
results showed extraction using the soxhlet apparatus with chloroform at boiling
temperature yields an extract which has maximum activity towards test
microorganisms. The extract obtained was a clear golden yellow oiL It was found
to be effective against gram positive bacteria, yeasts and derrnatophytes at a
concentration of as low as 25 mg/ml using the disk diffusion method. Toxicity tests
done on the brine shrimp Artemia salina gave an LCso of 0.062 ± 0.013 mg/m!. The
extract was also stable at temperatures of 90°C and below. Thin layer
chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
studies showed the presence of monoterpenoids such as geraniol, l' -acetoxychavicol
acetate, l' -acetoxy eugenol acetate and farnesol as the main components. The
monoterpenes in the extract were very effective inhibiting the growth of three
patogens which were S. aureus, C. albicans and Ivi canis. The extract was insoluble
in water, therefore the extract was dissolved in ethylene glycol for experiments using
aqueous medium. The broth dilution method was used to find the minimum
inhibition concentrations (MIC) and minimum microcidal concentrations (MMC).
The MIC and MMC values respectively were 0.030 dan 0.060 mg/ml for C.
a/bieans, 0.370 dan 0.700 mg/ml for M canis, dan 0.550 dan 1.000 mg/ml for S.
aureus. Extract was microcidal because the MBC values were only two times more
than the MIC values of each type of microorganism tested. Its action was most
effective towards C. albieans followed by M canis and lastly S. aureus. In the
growth profile studies on samples taken from shaken cultures, the extract was very
effective inhibiting growth of microorganisms at the exponential stage. The TEM
and SEM studies done on M canis confirmed this, showing a-greater effect when
extract was added during the exponential growth phase than the lag phase. A high
toxicity reading indicated the extract may be more suitable for external use.
Therefore it has the potential to be developed as a topical medication for treatment
of microbial skin infections.
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PENGEKSTRAKAN , PENCIRIAN