Utilization Of Fish Gelatin And Kappa-Carrageenan As Film Forming Materials To Produce Hard Shell Capsules
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Date
2015-08
Authors
FAZIAL, FARAH FAIQAH
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Abstract
Hard shell capsules were developed from film forming compositions
consisting of fish gelatin (FG) and κ-carrageenan (KG) biopolymers. Initially, fish
gelatin was extracted from tilapia skins under different extraction temperatures (50,
60, 70, 80 °C) and times (6-12 h) and the physicochemical properties of extracted
gelatin were evaluated. Increasing extraction temperature and time resulted in
increasing gelatin yield with better emulsifying properties but decreasing gel
strength, viscosity, foaming properties, and melting temperatures. Fish gelatin with
gel strength (between 141 - 360 g) and high yields (from 22.87 to 33.77 %) were
obtained. Gelatin based films were prepared using selected fish gelatin sample (G50-
6) with the highest gel strength (360 g) whilst carrageenan based films were prepared
using commercial semi refined κ-carrageenan. The effects of adding glycerol at 10
and 20% to these films samples (FG10, FG20, KG10, and KG20) on the properties
of films were studied in order to select the most suitable gelatin and carrageenan
based formulations for producing hard shell capsules. As glycerol concentration
increased, tensile strength (TS), Young’s modulus (YM) and water contact angle of
individual FG and KG films decreased, but elongation at break (EAB) and water
vapour permeability (WVP) increased. KG films showed better light barrier
properties compared to FG films. Composite of fish gelatin and kappa-carrageenan
films were also prepared and evaluated for their suitability in forming hard shell
capsules. Thus effects of different FG:KG ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100)
on the properties of films and hard shell capsules formed were analyzed. With higher
proportion of κ-carrageenan, FG-KG composite films showed increased in TS,YM,
WVP and water contact angle (θ) but decreased in EAB compared to control films
(FG100 and KG100). FG-KG composite films exhibited low light transmission in
UV and visible regions (200-800 nm) indicating excellent light barrier properties.
DSC thermograms suggested that FG-KG films showed higher thermal stability
compared to control films. Based on these results, formulae of FG10, KG20, and
FG50/KG50 were selected for the preparation of hard shell capsules using
conventional dip coating technique. Analyses on dissolution time, thickness, weight,
and loss on drying of hard shell capsules (size~00) produced indicated that capsules
produced satisfy and met the requirements stated in the international standards of
British Pharmacopoeia for hard shell capsules.
This study suggested that fish gelatin and semi-refined κ-carrageenan can
serve as alternative potential raw materials for making hard shell capsules.
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Keywords
Utilization Of Fish Gelatin And Kappa-Carrageenan , As Film Forming Materials To Produce Hard Shell Capsules