Pedestrian Block From Ceramic-Based Tiles Wastes: Properties, Modelling And Optimization Studies
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Date
2010-04
Authors
Chan, Chee Kin
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Abstract
The management of solid waste materials is a problem in many developing
countries including Malaysia. With an increase in urbanization and economic
development, solid waste management has become an acute problem due to the
emergence of more waste material. Ceramic tiles generated from construction sites
were usually delivered to landfills for disposal. A critical shortage of natural
aggregates for the production of new pedestrian blocks also occurred, and an
enormous amount of ceramic tiles produced from deteriorated and construction sites
created severe ecological and environmental problems. Preservation of the
environment and conservation of the rapidly diminishing natural resources should be
the essence of sustainable development.
This research addressed an alternative method in producing pedestrian block
using ceramic tile waste materials from construction sites as a substitute of natural
coarse (rocks) and fine (river sand) aggregates. The chemical and mineralogical
characterizations were carried out as it would influence the concrete performance.
The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that
pedestrian blocks from 100% recycled aggregates of ceramic tiles and natural
aggregates had a comparable chemical composition of SiO2, CaO, Fe2O3 and Al2O3.
The pedestrian block performances were at unit weight 2421.0 kg/m3 using natural
aggregates, and 2242.0 kg/m3 and 2381.0 kg/m3 from ceramic tiles coarse and fine
aggregates, respectively. The compressive strength were at 50.5 MPa (natural), 49.5
MPa (coarse) and 56.4 MPa (fine), while the flexural strength was at 5.3 MPa
(natural), 6.4 MPa (coarse) and 6.1 MPa (fine), accordingly. The durability of the
blocks were also tested mechanically and chemically. Results showed that pedestrian
blocks from ceramic tile waste coarse aggregates do not have any carbonation
process, thus prolonging their life cycle. In fact, the blocks were found to be highly
resistant to chloride and sulphate penetration.
For the mass transfer analysis, a significant aggregates-cement chemical
interactions occurred but varied according to the percentage of replacement and the
type of aggregates (fine or coarse) used. The coefficients of diffusivity for coarse
aggregates were smaller compared to the fine aggregates replacement.
A multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis was carried out to generate
models for the optimization of pedestrian block with a compressive strength of 45.0
MPa. The results of the model simulation showed very good agreement with the
experimental data obtained at varying percentage of replacement, with the regression
coefficient, r2 , ranging from 0.90 to 0.99, indicating that a strong correlation
occurred among the properties of the pedestrian block. In order to produce blocks
with a compressive strength of 45.0 MPa, the coarse and fine ceramic tile-based
aggregates were used at 75.5% and 36.5% replacement to obtain a similar strength.
In fact, tile-based coarse and fine aggregates could be combined at 65.4% and 23.3%
to obtain compressive strength of 45.0 MPa, consecutively.
Description
Keywords
Pedestrian block from , ceramic-based tiles wastes