Biologi tumbuhan selasih (ocimum spp.) dan peranan minyak patinya sebagai bahan semiokimia

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Date
1997
Authors
Baharuddin, Siti Nurdijati
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Abstract
Generally, basil (Ocimum spp.) occurs wild throughout Southeast Asia. However, some are being cultivated by natives as herbs for daily uses in culinary, drinks, medicinal and religious ceremonies. Four species of Ocimum with several varieties have been identified. Nevertheless, 11 samples collected in Indonesia and Malaysia were classified into 3 species with several varieties. First criteria used to identify the plants into species was the odour. Plants that produced clove, lemongrass and neither of the two odours were classified as 0. sanctum, 0. canum ~nd 0. basilicum respectively. They were further classified into varieties based on their morphology. 0. sanctum, 0. basilicum and 0. canum were divided into 7, 4 and 2 varieties respectively. Two new varieties (0. basilicum vars. 3 and 4) emerged from second planting. Based on major constituents of their essential oil, varieties of 0. sanctum were classified into 2 chemotypes. Chemotype methyl eugenol comprised of vars. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 and chemotype eugenol comprised of vars. 5 and 6. All varieties of 0. basilicum and 0. canum were classified into chemotype methyl chavichol and chemotype citral respectively. Two types of trichomes i.e. non-glandular and glandular were observed on the surface of leaves, stems and calyx. Non-glandular trichomes comprised of 3-8 uniseriate cells. Glandular trichomes were divided into a single type of peltate glands and five types of capitate glands. The epidermal cells were classified into 3 groups: Group I comprised of 0. sanctum that was characterised by curved anticlinal cell wall and irregular cell on both sides of the leaves. Group 11 comprised of 0. canum and 0. basilicum vars. 2, 3 and 4 with undulated anticlinal cell wall and longer cells. Group Ill comprised of 0. basilicum var. 1 having mixed cell types; similar to Group I on the adaxial surface and similar to Group II on the abaxial surface. Majority of the stomatal complex is of polo-twimonocyclic type whereas the dia-twi-monocyclic type was found only in 0. sanctum. Life span of the plants varied between species. 0. canum has the shortest life span (< 6 months); it started to flower at 2 month-old which is shorter during dry season. 0. basilicum flowe.red at 3 month-old and has a maximum life span of 1 year. 0. sanctum could survive up to 2 years and generally started to flower after 3 month-old. Plant yields and production of essential oils were dependent on seasons, plant parts (leaves or flower), age and varieties. Essential oils of the 3 species of Ocimum were found to be effective as semiochemicals with a high potential in ecotechnology. Toxicity of essential oils from 3 Ocimum species were shown in vitro on several species of bacteria, fungi, insects and seeds of a weed at relatively low concentrations.
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Selasih (ocimum spp.) , Bahan semiokimia
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