Ecology Of Smilax Calophylla Wall. Ex A. Dc. And Selected Bioactivity Analyses
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Date
2015-10
Authors
Zainudin, Masyithah
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Abstract
Smilax calophylla is a medicinal plant generally used as remedy in traditional medicine. This plant exhibits numerous therapeutic properties such as anti-candida, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities. The morphology of S. calophylla was observed and distinguishes from other Smilax species. The characteristics of S. calophylla seem to be significant differences for plant height and petiole’s size and no significant different for stem and leaf’s size between low and high elevation at Penang Hill, Penang. The main features of Smilax calophylla are the smooth stem that grows vertically and the glaucous colour beneath the leaves. The analysis on soil samples from Penang Hill, Penang suggested that S. calophylla can grow at very optimum level in this condition. The wild plant, S. calophylla parts including leaves, rhizomes and stems were extracted using sonication technique and methanol solvent, then was subjected to anti-candida activity and it reveals good activity against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). The leaf methanolic extracts exhibit better anti-candida activity at 6.25 mg/mL as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and 3.125 mg/mL as minimum fungidical concentration (MFC). The time kill study shows that there was no growth of C. albicans over 24 hours by leaves extract of S. calophylla. The leaf methanolic extract exhibit high antioxidant with DPPH, ABTS and FRAP (86.12±0.28 mg/mL, 68.76 mg/mL and 0.725 nm). Finally, the phenolic and flavanoid contents of all extracts were analyzed. The phenolic content in ascending order was rhizome < stem < leaves, while flavanoid content was rhizome
< leaves < stem. In conclusion, the methanolic extract of leaves exhibits better antioxidant activity with high amount of phenolic and flavanoid contents. Brine shrimp lethality assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity activity and the methanolic leaf extract exhibits 80% death at concentration 50 mg/mL. The median lethality concentration (LC50) was analyzed and the LC50 concentration were 33.72 mg/mL (leaves), 39.08 mg/mL (rhizome) and 112.43 mg/mL (stem). Overall, plant extracts of S. calophylla possesses very low toxic against brine shrimp and considered harmless for human. These present findings verify the beneficial importance of S. calophylla plant in pharmaceuticals aspect. These could assist in the future works and the development of new cost effective and proficient anti-candida and antioxidant as well as for maintaining this plant species.
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Keywords
Smilax calophylla is a medicinal plant , used as remedy in traditional medicine.