Gastrointestinal Nematodes Parasites Of Goats (Capra Aegagrus Hircus) In Merbok, Kedah, Malaysia: Studies Of Anthelmintic Efficacy Of Selected Plants, Prevalence And Nature Of Infection
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Date
2018-08
Authors
Fatin Amirah Firuz
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Publisher
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) is a potentially costly problem that affected the livestock industries worldwide. The emergence of resistance urges the researchers to come out with an eco-friendly anthelmintic based on medicinal plants. Preliminary secondary metabolite screening by using gas chromatography and mass spectrum (GC-MS) and high – performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were done for three plants crude extract; Azadiracta indica, Clinicantus nutans and Polyalthia longifolia. Few secondary metabolites focusing on sugar believed to boost the immunostimulant were d-mannose for neem and D-Frutose, 3-O-methyl-, 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose and glucose for ashoka. D-Allose was found in all three plant extracts. For HPLC few constituents identified were fructose, galactose, glucose and rhamnose. In addition, phytochemical analysis was conducted to investigate the presence of alkaloids, flavonoid, tannins, saponin, triterpenes and steroids. The phytochemical constituents of all three plants were shown to exhibit ethnoveterinary properties as it caused paralysis and death of third stage larvae in the larval migration inhibition assay and larval motility assay. An in vivo study was carried out from May to July 2016 to evaluate the efficacy of between selected plants aqueous extract and anthelmintic drugs (albendazole and ivermectin). The FECRT, faecal culture, pasture sampling, as well as blood analysis; FAMACHA©, percentage packed cell volume (% PCV), thin and thick blood smears were conducted on 24 free grazing experimental animals in a private farm in Merbok, Kedah. Only two out of five treatment groups shown reduction of epg in FECRT; ivermectin (77.78%), neem (10.18%). While, FEC results indicated that neem leaf was the most efficacious among three plants tested (P<0.05) compared to control group, thus decreasing FAMACHA scores that resulted in increased average of PCV values from 20% (pre-treatment) to 24.33% (post-treatment). The identification of third stage larvae was performed based on morphology and molecular techniques. The most abundance nematodes species identified from faecal culture and pasture sampling infecting the animals were Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp., Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum spp.. Two species were identified through molecular test were Trichostrongylus colubriformis (JF276021.1) and Haemonchus contortus (KU558757.1). Unfortunately, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum spp. could not been identified due to small number of larvae present. Therefore, further studies are urgently needed, in order to come out with reliable, appropriate and effective principal of herbal remedies as an alternative to anthelmintic drugs resistance.
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Natural history