Ethanol Extract Of Orthosiphon Stamineus Benth. Exhibits Antiobesity Effect By Inhibiting Angiogenesis And Pancreatic Lipase
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Date
2016-02
Authors
Hashim, Suzana
Journal Title
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Publisher
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Abstract
In this study, the antiobesity effect of Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) was investigated using ethanol extract (ET), 50% ethanol-water extract (EW) and water extract (W) of this plant species. Ethanol extract with the most potent antiangiogenic activity showed a significant antiobesity property in vivo. However, the activity towards the pancreatic lipase enzyme was modest with ET being the most potent followed by EW and W in decreasing order of reactivity. Activity towards inhibition of preadipocyte cell proliferation (3T3-L1) was also observed with ET being the most potent followed by EW and W. The antiangiogenic activity and chemical profile of OS collected from five different locations throughout peninsular Malaysia was also studied namely Batu Kurau (BK), Kepala Batas (KB), Sik Kedah (S), Changkat Jering (CJ) and Sungai Buloh (SB). BK plantation showed the most potent antiangiogenic activity with percentage of microvessels inhibition of 96.6±2.0%, followed by SB, CJ, KB and S. Chemical profiling using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) reveal that W had the lowest amount of phytochemicals (phenolic and flavonoid) followed by EW and ET in increasing order. Treatment with the ET extract revealed significant weight loss effect in dose-dependent manner. Significant weight loss effect (P<0.01) was observed as the percentage of adipose tissue weight relative to body weight is reduced with oral feeding of the ET extract at dose 250 mg/kg (0.86±0.2%) compared to the HFD control group (2.19±0.2%). Weight of the rats measured at the end of the treatment showed ethanolic extract prevent weight gain at dose of 500 mg/kg with only 7% increase of body weight compared to HFD group that showed 31% increase of body weight relative to initial weight. The ET also prevents HFD induced liver steatosis throughout the treatment period. From the lipid profile results, we found that ET significantly decreased cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) level in dose-dependent manner. At dose of 500 mg/kg the TG and TC were found to be 2.02±0.1mmol/L and 0.29±0.08mmol/L, respectively compared to HFD obese animals (TG- 3.03±0.1mmol/L; TC-0.64±0.14mmol/L). The HDL and LDL profile of the OS treated groups also showed significantly higher HDL level and lower in LDL level, suggesting that the extract may help to reduce the risk of heart disease. This is supported with the result of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) for prediction of risk of the cardiovascular event. Surprisingly, treatment of HFD+ET reduce the cardiovascular risk in a dose-dependent manner (OS-125 AIP = -0.51, OS-250 AIP = -0.53 and OS-500mg/kg AIP = -0.73, respectively) compared to HFD (-0.31) control. From the AST and ALT result, ET showed markedly lower AST and ALT level compared with HFD control group, suggesting that the OS extract exhibits a liver protective effect. This is consistent with the liver histology that ethanolic extract of OS prevents fatty liver disease. Overall, the results suggest that ET with strong anti-angiogenic activity showed a significant antiobesity effect and potentially useful for weight reduction as well as lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The finding also shows that this activity is strongly dependent on the geographical location, specifically Batu Kurau plantation where the planting condition e.g. amount of water and sunlight, fertilizer as well as soil type are properly controlled.
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Keywords
Ethanol extract