Pusat Pengajian Sains Farmasi - Tesis

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Development And Characterisation Of Inhaled Andrographolide As An Anti-Cancer Agent
(2024-06)
Aljothi, Shankar
Despite the promising anti-cancer activity of andrographolide against lung cancer, its limited water solubility and low bioavailability pose significant challenges for effective oral administration. To address this issue, the current study focused on the development and comparison of two inhalable preparations of andrographolide for pulmonary drug delivery. Precipitation and spray drying , prepared using precipitation and spray drying techniques, and direct spray drying, produced via direct spray drying of andrographolide solution, exhibited favorable in vitro aerosol performance, storage stability, and dissolution profiles. Morphology and crystalline properties of the preparations were confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (sem) and x-ray diffraction (xrd) analysis, respectively. In vitro aerosol dispersion profile was evaluated using a next-generation impactor (ngi). Precipitation and spray drying consisted of elongated crystals with an average diameter of 1.65 ± 0.34 μm while direct spray drying was made of amorphous spherical particles with an average diameter of 1.43 ± 0.19 μm. Both preparations showed inhalable fractions (particle size < 5 μm) of more than 44% making them suitable for pulmonary drug delivery. The 25% inhibitory concentration (ic25) for precipitation and spray drying was 31.91 μg/ml while direct spray drying demonstrated ic25 of 6.57 μg/ml against lung carcinoma cells (a549). Both preparations were relatively stable in a vacuum condition at 30°c up to 3 months. In conclusion,
An Evaluation On Penang Hospital Pharmacists, Community Pharmacists, And Consumers’ Perception Toward The Implementation Of Zoning Of Community Pharmacies In Penang, Malaysia
(2024-05)
Leong, Pui Chee
Over the years, the zoning policy regarding community pharmacies has stirred controversy in malaysia. Despite being widely adopted in many countries, such policies have yet to be implemented in malaysia. This study aimed to assess in depth opinion of hospital pharmacists, community pharmacists and consumers regarding zoning of community pharmacies in malaysia. A semi-structured qualitative study utilising face-to-face interviews was carried out in april to september 2021 among 11 hospital pharmacists (aged 31 to 40 years), 12 community pharmacists (aged 31 to 40 years) and 10 consumers (aged 27 to 48 years old) in penang, malaysia. Purposive sampling was employed, and data collection was stopped when the saturation point was reached. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were independently coded and verified by experts with the resultant data analysed by atlas.Ti version 8 using thematic analysis. The study found that hospital pharmacists and consumers have lack of exposure to the concept of zoning policy. All the three respondent groups were aware about the oversaturation of community pharmacies in urban areas as compared to rural areas. They believed that many pharmacists refused to establish their stores in rural areas because of hard to survive in business.
Phytochemical Characterization And Wound Healing Property Of Euphorbia Hirta L.
(2024-05)
Ayoona, Daniah Fouad Abdulameer
Euphorbia hirta l, an annual plant that belongs to the euphorbiaceae family, is a common traditional remedy for several diseases. Currently, there are few investigations on this plant as a treatment for wound healing, particularly the bioactive compounds and mechanism of action. Therefore, this study focused on isolating the main active compounds associated with the wound-healing activity of e. Hirta. The aerial parts of the plant were collected from the northern part of malaysia and iraq and then were extracted with solvents of different polarities: hexane, chloroform, methanol, and water. All extracts were screened for total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Additionally, all extracts were assessed for potential wound healing activity by measuring the migration and cell viability of human fibroblast cells, hs27. Then the methanol extracts were further fractionated to identify the active compounds. The structure elucidation of isolated compounds was confirmed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lcms/ ms), nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr), and high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). Subsequently, molecular docking was performed on the isolated compounds to analyse their binding interactions with the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (gsk3b) and casein kinase 1 (ck1) proteins. The level of mrna expression of four cytokines (il1b, il6, tnf, and col1a1) after treating human fibroblasts with different compounds were assayed. The e. Hirta extract yielded a different type of compounds: kaempferol,
Exploring Consumers’ Decision-Making Process On Online Purchasing Of Health Supplements And Natural Products In Malaysia
(2024-05)
Ang, Ju Ying
Health supplements and natural products are widely used by the general public to support physical function and prevent disease. Additionally, with the advent of ecommerce, these products have become easily accessible to the general public. Although several theoretical models have been used to explain the use of health supplements and natural products, empirical evidence on how consumers make decisions to purchase online health supplements and natural products remains limited. In this qualitative study conducted from january 2021 until march 2022, a grounded theory approach was used to develop a substantive theoretical model with the aim of exploring the decision-making process of consumers when purchasing health supplements and natural products online. Malaysian adult consumers who had purchased these products via the internet were either purposively or theoretically sampled. A total of 18 virtual in-depth interviews (idis) were conducted, each lasting between 30 to 80 min, with theoretical saturation achieved after all 18 idis. All the idis were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were managed using nvivo 12 software, analysed using initial coding, focused coding and theoretical coding. Coding was performed by one researcher, and cross-checked by a second researcher, with any conflicts resolved via discussion with a third researcher to finalize the coding decisions. The analytical interpretations and theoretical concepts were recorded in research memos.
Vasorelaxant And Antihypertensive Effects Of 3,4,7,2',4'-Pentahydroxyflavone In In Vitro And In Vivo Models
(2024-08)
Tew, Wan Yin
Hypertension is one of the chronic medical conditions characterised by consistently high blood pressure exerted against the wall of blood vessels. It has emerged as a major global health concern due to its increasing worldwide prevalence. Although numerous antihypertensive medications are available in the market, many are reported to have low efficacy and frequently come with adverse effects or contraindications. Consequently, the current study was designed to identify a potential antihypertensive agent which could avoid all the issues associated with currently market available medications. Morin, a flavonol which was known for its diverse pharmaceutical properties, was selected to evaluate its vasodilatory and antihypertensive activities using in vitro and in vivo approaches, respectively. The vasodilatory effect of morin and its underlying mechanism were evaluated in vitro using aortic rings assay. The results revealed that morin exerts its vasodilatory effects through multiple mechanisms pathways, including endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent pathways.

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