Development and validation of questionnaire to assess perceptions and attitudes towards intimate partner violence among premarital young adults in Kelantan
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Date
2022
Authors
Hanafi, Wan Soliha Wan Mohd
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Pusat Pengajian Sains Perubatan, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Abstract
Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an entrenched public health and social
concern worldwide, affecting people from all age groups, including young adults. The
assessment of their perceptions and attitudes towards IPV is crucial. Available
questionnaires are either too exhaustive or inadequate to assess IPV comprehensively
among young adults in the local language.
Objective: To develop and validate a new questionnaire assessing perceptions and
attitudes towards IPV, as well as identify their associated factors among young adults
registered for premarital courses in Kelantan.
Methodology: This study consists of two phases. It involved young adults registered
for premarital courses in Kelantan from February 2020 till December 2021. Phase 1
involved the development and validation of a new questionnaire. The questionnaire
development was done in two stages: item development stage by literature review and
expert’s opinion, and scale development stage which involved a face validation and
pretesting. The validation process was analysed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA and CFA were carried out among
315 and 334 young adults, respectively. In the second phase of the study, a crosssectional
study was conducted among 405 premarital young adults who were selected through purposive sampling from four randomly selected districts in Kelantan. The
newly developed questionnaire was used. Data were analysed using simple and
multiple logistic regression analyses with good perceptions and good attitudes as
dependent variables.
Result: The new questionnaire named MY-PAIPVQ consists of 70 items with two
domains (55 items on the perceptions domain and 15 items on the attitudes domain).
It had good internal consistency with Cronbach’s Alpha values of 0.82 to 0.97 and
Raykov’s rho value ranging from 0.702-0.983. The model fit on all five of fit indices
(χ2 = 581.05 (233) p <0.001; SRMR = 0.071; RMSEA = 0.071; CFI = 0.87; TLI =
0.864) with factor loadings ranged from 0.440 to 0.916. In phase 2, 51.5% of
respondents had good perceptions towards IPV with a median perceptions score was
217.00 (IQR ± 56.00) and 50.4% of respondents had good attitudes towards IPV with
a median attitude score was 55.00 (IQR ± 9.00). The significant factors associated
with good perceptions towards IPV were higher age (adjusted OR=3.66; 95% CI: 2.20,
6.07; p<0.001), non-government worker (adjusted OR=3.09; 95% CI:1.12, 8.57;
p=0.029), history of experiencing or witnessing of fiancé violence (adjusted OR=0.09;
95% CI:0.07, 0.50; p=0.025), history of experiencing or witnessing of friend violence
(adjusted OR=3.01; 95% CI:1.40, 6.45; p=0.005), history of experiencing or
witnessing of teacher violence (adjusted OR=0.24; 95% CI:0.08, 0.70; p=0.009) and
drama as source of information (adjusted OR=2.98, 95% CI:1.84, 4.82; p <0.001).
Meanwhile, the significant factors associated with good attitudes towards IPV were
higher age (adjusted OR=1.12; 95% CI: 1.30, 1.19; p=0.003), female (adjusted
OR=2.49; 95% CI:1.54, 4.03; p<0.001), self-employed (adjusted OR=0.20; 95% CI:
0.09, 0.40; p<0.001) and drama as source of information (adjusted OR=3.66, 95% CI:
2.26, 5.91; p<0.001).Conclusion: The MY-PAIPVQ is valid and reliable to assess perceptions and attitudes
towards IPV among premarital young adults. Good perceptions and attitudes towards
IPV by young adults may enable and empower them to recognize abusive behavior is
taking place and how to take appropriate action against it. Prevention and intervention
efforts could be improved using language that young adults find relevant.
Description
Keywords
Spouse abuse