Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber Mineral - Tesis

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A Study Of Corrosion Of Steels In Carbon Dioxide And Sulphide Solutions
(1993-08)
Abualmaali M. Y. Taher
The present investigation has been successful in resolving the controversy about CO2 corrosion of mild steel and 13% Cr martensitic stainless steel in brine solution with and without sulphur content. It has been observed that the corrosion behaviour of mild steel and 13% Cr stainless steel depends on the combination of CO2 pressure and sulphur content. The corrosion rate may increase or decrease depending upon a particular combination.
Kesan Zink Oksida (Zno) Ke Atas Sifat Seramik Hidroksiapatit
(2002-10)
Hasan Zuhudi Bin Abdullah
Dua bahan hidroksiapatit (HA) telah digunakan dalam penyelidikan ini iaitu HA 1 dan HA2, dan ini telah dibekalkan oleh dua pembekal yang berlainan. Kedua-dua bahan HA 1 dan HA2 dicampurkan dengan bahan tambah zink oksida (ZnO) sebanyak 10% berat. Semasa penyediaan spesimen, dua jenis bahan pengikat digunakan iaitu polivinil alkohol (PVA) dan polietilena glikol (PEG).
Multivariate Statistical Modeling On Industrial Dust Emissions From Quarries
(2012-08)
Izhar Abadi Ibrahim Rais
In this research, multivariate statistical techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA), reliability analysis (RA) and multivariate regression analysis (MRA) were applied for the development of new quarry dust model. These statistical techniques were employed to evaluate the variations and interpretation of large complex air quality data set of dust deposition surrounding quarry area, generated during 10 years (2000-2010) monitoring of 15 variables at 18 different quarry sites in Malaysia (5,610 observations).
Preparation, Characterization And Properties Of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Alumina Hybrid Nanocomposites
(2012-09)
Muhammad Helmi Bin Abdul Kudus
This work focuses on synthesis of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)-alumina hybrid compound via methane decomposition process using nickel catalyst and study on the preparation and properties of MWCNT-alumina hybrid epoxy composite.
Effect Of Mechanical Activation On The Fluxing Properties Of Gua Musang Feldspar And Granite Quarry Dust
(2013-03)
Nordala, Phoumiphon
In the present study, mechanical activation was performed on samples of Gua Musang feldspar (GMF) and granite quarry dust (GQD). At first, GMF was milled for 10, 20 and 30 minutes, at 200, 300 and 400 rpm milling speeds. The powder obtained was then formed into pellets followed by firing at 1150, 1200 and 1250°C. From the milling and firing processes, 30 minutes was found to be the optimum time for milling. Therefore, in the milling process of GQD, 30 minutes was used at different milling speeds of200, 300 and 400 rpm. It was then fired at 1150, 1200 and 1250°C. At this stage, GQD was confirmed to be a suitable fluxing material as it can form a glassy phase and lower the firing temperature. Secondly, the process was followed by forming mixtures of GMF with ball clay (BC) and silica (SC) with a weight ratio of GMF 20 wt.%, 30 wt.% and 40 wt.%. These mixtures were fired at 1100, 1150 and 1200°C. In the final part, a mixture of GQD and BC without silica (SC) were prepared due to the high amount of silica in GQD. A weight ratio of GQD 40 wt.%, 50 wt.% and 60 wt.% were chosen.
Development Of W03-Tio2 Nanotube Arrays For Water Electrolysis
(2013-03)
Lai Chin Wei
Solar hydrogen generation from water electrolysis is a key target for the development of sustainable hydrogen economy for future energy system. The formation of self-organized Ti02 nanotubes without bundling is essential for high efficiency In photoelectrochemical (PEC) water electrolysis application. Comprehensive investigations on different parameters, such as composition of electrolyte, anodization time, anodization voltage, anodization temperature and heat treatment temperature were conducted in order to control the specific architecture of nanotubes.
Growth And Physical Characterization Of Native Oxide Thin Film On N-Type Gallium Nitride Substrate By Ti-Iermal Oxidation In Nitrous Oxide Ambient
(2013-03)
Oon, Hooi Shy
Thermal oxidation of n-type GaN substrate in nitrous oxide (N20) ambient has been systematically investigated. The thermal oxidation process was performed in a horizontal quartz tube furnace under N20 ambient with now rate of 150 mL/min. The effects of oxidation times (30 - 120 min) and oxidation temperatures (700 - 1000C) on the thermal oxide grown on GaN were studied. Physical properties of the samples were then examined. Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to identify the oxide layer formed on top of the GaN. Based on the analysis, Ga203 and GaON compounds were formed when thermally oxidized GaN at 700 to 900°C. However, for GaN thermally oxidized at 1000°C, non-stoichiometry Ga.O, and/or GaxOyNz compounds were formed. Apart from that, field-emission scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope results revealed some distinct change on surface of all oxidized samples. The surface roughness of the oxide layer was also found to be increased with both the oxidation times and temperatures.
Syedsalim, Sharifah Aishah
(2014-01)
January 2014
In this research, the effect of Zirconium ions (Zr4+) and Calcium ions (Ca2+) dopant on NiO was investigated. The electroceramic of Ni(l_;c)ZrxO, Ni(l_x)CaxO and Nio.9SZrO.o2CaO.OI was prepared by using solid state reaction method. Three main raw materials ofNiO, Zr02 and CaO were mixed for 24 hours, then were calcined at 1000°C. Ni(l_x)Zr.
Preparation And Properties Of Mica Filled Virgin And Recycled Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (Epdm) Composites
(2014-06)
Ishak, Sarah
The properties of single filler system (mica or talc) and hybrid filler system micaJCB and micaJHNTs filled virgin EPDM and recycled EPDM were investigated. In the first series, EPDM/mica composites show better tensile strength, tensile modulus, swelling resistance and thermal properties as compared to EPDM/taic composites and the optimum value of tensile strength and tensile modulus of EPDM/mica composite was found at 50 phr of fillers. In the second series, the result reveals tensile strength, tensile modulus, swelling resistance and thermal stability properties were better for EPDM/mica composites with silane compared to EPDM/mica composites without silane. The results for third series reported scorch time (t52) decreased with increasing r-EPDM content whereas minimum torque (ML)' maximum torque (MH), cure time (t90), swelling resistance and thermal stability showed the opposite trend. The optimum properties of tensile strength and tensile modulus occurred at EPDM70/r-EPDM30 blends ratio which was proven in SEM micrograph. In the last series, the results indicated t52 and t90 decreased, whereas, ML increased with the addition of CB and HNTs loading in the blends system.
Evaluation And Processing Of Gold At Pulai Mining, Gua Musang, Kelantan
(2014-11)
Eang, Khy Eam
Gold mining is the important activities that create economic growth and development of the country. Effective method in gold processing is the key part in gold mining. At Pulai Mining Sdn Bhd, gold recovery is poor and it is believed that some percentage of gold lost into the tailing. This study involves characterization of samples from the area and suggests the suitable processing method to recover gold and iron with mining impacts to the environment. In this research, tailing and palong samples are studied and the following methodology is applied: laboratory sampling, mineral characterization and alluvial gold processing and then found the recovery of gold after the results of analysis and processing. Result shows that the tailing sample composed of 0.020 % of AU20 in flaky shape presented in fraction size <2.36 mm. No gold was found in palong sample (taken from middle of palong) due to its good design. Based on XRD result, tailing sample consists of hematite (FC203) 44.20 %, quartz low (Si02) 32.90 %, pyrrhotite high (FeO.lJ8SS) 13 %, pyrite (FeS2) 9 % and magnetite (Alo.IFe2.46Mgo.4204Tio.03) 0.90 %, whereas palong sample consists of quartz low (Si02) 74.60 %, hematite (Fe203) 21. 70 %, magnesium aluminum sulfide (AhMgS4) 3.20 % and pyrite (FeS2) 0.60 %.
Comparative Study On The Sintering Of Calcium Phosphate Ceramic By Conventional And Microwave Sintering
(2014-12)
Mangkonsu, Chuthathip
Sintering of calcium phosphate bioceramic were performed using microwave and conventional furnaces. The calcium phosphate precursor was used as raw material powder. Sintering of biphasic calcium phosphate (B'Cl") was successful using both sintering methods. The precursor powder was characterized by XRO, TG/ ose and particle size analysis. Sintering was done at different temperatures (1200 oe, 1250 oe, 1300 oe, 1350 oe, and 1400 Oe) using conventional and microwave furnaces. For the microwave sintering, the firing process was stopped, when the temperature reached at 1350 oe because the specimens cracked and the surfaces were damaged especially on the edge of specimens. Then the Bep specimens were characterized by XRO and FESEM while physical properties measured include density, porosity and linear shrinkage. The mechanical properties of bulk Bep were determined by using Micro Vickers hardness and diametrai tensile strength (OTS). The comparison on properties was carried out on specimens sintered at the same temperature using both methods. The XRO results showed that the f3-TCf' to (l-TCf' transformation phase occurs above 1250 oe in both sintering furnaces.
Effect Of Secondary Plastic Deformation On The Microstructures And Mechanical Properties Of Cast Ai-7Si-Mg Alloy
(2014-12)
Thuong, Nguyen Van
The purpose ofthis research is to study microstructure and hardness of AI-7SiMg alloy under different cooling slope casting conditions and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). The effect of cooling slope casting method with varying variables, such as pouring temperature (625°C - 640°C - 660°C - 680°C), cooling slope length (150 mm - 250 mru- 350 mm) and cooling slope temperature (room temperature - 200°C - 400°C) and conventional casting method are investigated. The as-cast alloys and as-ECAPed alloys were analyzed based on Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Xray fluorescence, microstructures, hardness, X-ray Diffraction pattern, wear resistance, Secondary Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-ray. Microstructure of conventional cast alloy cast at pouring temperature of 640°C was coarse and almost dendrite the structure. However, uniform, fine and globular microstructure could be obtained from cooling slope casting with pouring temperature range of 625°C - 660°C, cooling slope length range of 150 mm - 350 mm and slope temperature ranging from room temperature to 200°C_ This is due to copious nucleation occurred on slope surface and these nuclei were then detached due to the force convection during pouring process.
Fabrication And Characterization Of Poly (L-Lactic Acid) (Plla) Blends And Pllaikenaf Fiber Composites
(2014-12)
Eawwiboonthanakit, Netnapa
Environmental impacts are the main global concem which induce to incremental awareness on the replacement of conventional plastic materials by biodegradable plastic e.g. Poly (L-Iactic acid) (PLLA). Investigations on mechanical and thermal properties of PLLA blends and PLLA/kenaf fiber composites by internal mixing were observed in this study. Properties of PLLA blended with polymer additives; carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) microsphere at various blend ratios (10010, 98/2, 96/4, 94/6 and 92/8 wt%) are observed in the first part. It was found that PLLA/PLA microsphere blend at 92/8 blend ratio presented higher mechanical, thermal and melt now index properties with resulting of fibril formation in the microstructure compared to other blends systems. Effects of fiber surface modification and fiber loading on the mechanical and thermal properties of kenaf fiber (KF) in PLLAIPLA microsphere/KF composites were investigated in second part of study. Addition of 4 wt% of treated KF (T-KF) in the composite illustrated higher flexural strength and easy to process compared to composite with 30 wt% of T -KF content.
Warpage behavior of thin fcbga package and prediction of its first interconnect snag solder joint shape
(2020-02-01)
Lim, Shaw Fa
The influence of substrate copper density distribution, substrate bump coplanarity, stiffener attach process, and substrate clamping by magnetic boat during die attach towards Flip Chip Ball Grid Array (FCBGA) assembled package warpage were evaluated. The substrate warpage behavior throughout the package assembly process was characterized using shadow moiré. In this study, it was found that a balanced substrate copper density distribution (50/50 ratio), pre-stiffener substrate before flip chip bump reflow, and substrate clamping during reflow able to reduce flip chip solder bridging fall-out. The decrease in solder bridging <1% was due to the lower substrate warpage seen during die attach. In particular, solder bridging fall-out was well-correlated to die attach area warpage. Substrate with and without clamping during reflow has met the package reliability requirement of temperature cycle 1200 condition G (–40 °C to +125 °C). Simulation works through FEA (ANSYS) on the bare substrate and package warpage was carried out and correlated to experiment data. Various material properties and package designs was evaluated from the correlated FEA model and its respective warpage behavior was understood. With understading of warpage data through FEA, SnAg solder joint shape and its solder bridging can be understood through Surface Evolver. The effect of solder volume, gap height and Under Bump Metalization (UBM) size towards solder joint was evaluated. Higher solder volume and smaller gap height led to higher occurrence of solder bridging. Solder joint formation through solder cap copper pillar onto copper trace was predicted through Surface Evolver. It can be shown that copper pillar solder joint geometry can be successfully simulated and agreed with experiment. The relationship between various solder joint influencing factors such as die bump diameters, copper pad geometry, solder height and solder volume were established. The optimum die bump to copper pad width ratio can be obtained through this simulation work. The information can be used to estimate critical volume of solder needed for new, smaller pitch die bump and copper pad design which help to save cost and time by avoiding a large number of experiments prior to mass production.
Preparation, characterisation and properties of muscoviteacrylonitrile butadiene styrene nanocomposites
(2020-04-01)
Ismail, Nor Hafizah Che
The development of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) nanocomposite based on non-expandable clay minerals presents a promising approach that has been relatively unexplored. Muscovite was chosen over the most commonly used clay minerals, due to its higher aspect ratio when compared to montmorillonite (MMT). As such, this study investigated the possibilities of muscovite to expand and to function as reinforcement filler in ABS matrix via two-stage ion exchange process for fillermatrix compatibilisation and melt compounding for polymer fabrication. The modification process involved treatment with LiNO3 (first-stage) and modification with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at various concentrations as a secondstage cation exchange reaction. Characterisation of treated muscovite was assessed by using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The experimental outcomes showed that not only basal spacing, but also specific surface area increased while the number of stacked individual silicate layers of organoclay kept decreasing at high CTAB concentrations, which signified separation within the muscovite layers. The changes in basal spacing further evidenced that muscovite displayed a possibility for expansion. A further goal of this research is to extend the application of organomuscovite (OM) filled ABS matrix. In this case, OM and unmodified muscovite were embedded in ABS matrix at various filler loading of 1, 3, and 5 wt.%. The aspects addressed included the effect of ion-exchange process, the degree of dispersion that was achieved, and the effect of various filler loading on the mechanical properties of ABS nanocomposites. Along this line, this study reveals that the ABS/OM nanocomposites possessed a tendency to exemplify enhanced mechanical properties, in comparison to those of ABS/muscovite. Nevertheless, incorporation of muscovite at all filler loadings led to a slight reduction in tensile strength, a significant decrease in elongation at break, a slight improvement in modulus and hardness, and increment in thermal stability over those of the neat ABS. Flexural strength and modulus were improved by 10% and 28%, respectively, when compared to those retrieved from neat ABS. Both wide angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) and TEM analyses indicated the formation of mixed intercalated and exfoliated structures with incorporation of OM. Therefore, the development of non-expandable muscovite incorporated with polymer matrices provide the opportunities to explore new functionalities beyond those found in conventional materials.
Synthesis and characterization of palm kernel oil polyol based polyurethane elastomer as shape memory material
(2020-04-01)
Saad, Norshahli Mat
Vegetable oil-based polyurethane shape memory (SMPU) has gained attention in advanced bio-based polymeric materials and its unique characteristic may assist their use in biomedical applications. The aim of this research was to synthesize palm kernel oil polyol (PKO-p) based polyurethane (PU) via two-step bulk polymerization process using 4,4-methylenebis (cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI), polycaprolactone diol (PCL), PKO-p, 1,4-butanediol (BD) and dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL). The reaction time of prepolymerization was varied from 0.5 to 2.5 hours to determine the optimum time of the prepolymer. The effect of different molar ratio of PKO-p towards mechanical, thermal and shape memory properties of PU was investigated. The increase of crystalline structure and microphase separation has improved the shape fixity of PU (86%) and exhibited excellent shape recovery. Based on the overall results, the optimum reaction time was observed at 2.0 hours as it possessed a good tensile strength. Hence, the investigation of PU at a different molar ratio of PKO-p were carried out at 2.0 hours prepolymer time. It was found that PU with 10% PKO-p imparted higher tensile strength as compared to the other samples. On the other hand, the shape recovery of PU remains high at 40% PKO-p with 87% shape fixity and thermally stable. The results revealed the advantages of substituting PCL with PKO-p to minimize the usage of petroleum-based polyol and also displayed that the PKO-p based PU studied have the potential to be used as advanced shape memory materials.
Development of multi-doped carbonated hydroxyapatite (cha) porous scaffolds for bone substitutes
(2020-04-01)
Muhammad Syazwan Mohd Noor
Incorporation of dopant elements into apatite structure is a great interest for biomedical applications due to its composition closely mimic to the human bone mineral. The goal of this study was to synthesize a range of multi-doped Carbonated Hydroxyapatite (MgCoSr CHA) powders via nanoemulsion method at room temperature (RT). Magnesium (Mg), cobalt (Co) and strontium (Sr) ions were introduced into the apatite structure to enhance its physical, chemical and and biological properties at the same time imitating natural bone composition. The amount of Mg2+ was varied at three different concentrations (0.60, 0.65 and 0.70 wt%) with fix ratio of Co2+ and Sr2+ in producing MgCoSr CHA powders. It can be reported that all the synthesized powders remained as B-type CHA. Interestingly, it was also found that the increment in the percentage of CO32- for MgCoSr CHA and it promotes the formation of needle-like structure as compared to CoSr CHA and CHA powders. The interconnected CHA porous scaffold was then fabricated by polyurethane (PU) foam replication technique followed by sintering at 800°C and cooled down under wet CO2 at 250°C. The optimum scaffold was produced by using slurry composition made of as-synthesized powder, 5 wt% of kaolin, 1 ml of dispersing agent, PEG:PVA ratio (2:3) and 5 wt% of K2CO3 as sintering aid. Fabrication of multi-doped CHA porous scaffolds were then performed using the optimum condition of this slurry composition. These multi-doped sintered scaffolds showed decrease in the carbonate content as compared to CHA scaffolds, however still fall in the range of carbonate content found in human bone mineral (2-8 wt%). Despite this, the compressive strength of the multi-doped CHA porous scaffolds (E31) is higher (0.53 ± 0.12 MPa) than E21 (0.38 ± 0.04 MPa) and E11 (0.50 ± 0.05 MPa). In vitro bioactivity revealed E21 (CoSr CHA) and E31 (MgCoSr CHA) have higher bioactivity, resulting in fast apatite formation after day 14. At this stage of the study, it can be highlighted that the incorporation of multi-divalent cations as well as carbonate ions play important roles in enhancing the properties of HA-based materials.
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using kyllinga brevifolia extract and immobilisation on tio2 nanotubes for methyl blue dye removal
(2020-04-01)
Isa, Norain
The textile industry is an intesive producer of wastewater which unless treated may result in the discharged of toxic and harmful dyes to the environment. One method that can be used to remove dyes is by reduction on a surface of catalyst. The catalyst chosen in this work was silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesised by salt reduction technique. The first part of this thesis focused on the synthesis process of AgNPs. However instead of using typical reductant, AgNPs were synthesised by green chemical route utilising Kyllinga brevifolia extract (KBE) as reducing agent. The KBE was also found to be a good capping as well as stabilizing agent. By controlling the temperature, concentration of AgNO3 as the silver precursor, concentration of KBE and reaction time, the AgNPs were sucsessfully synthesised. The phytochemical constituents in KBE responsible for Ag+ reduction were identified. Carbohydrate, protein, plant sterol (stigmasterol and campesterol) were found to have the highest concentration thus proposed as the main constituents that can reduce Ag+ ions to Ago. KBE derived AgNPs are highly dispersed with ~ 17.64 nm diameter and have quasi-spherical shape. The catalytic removal of MB was then done to demonstrate the properties of AgNPs in removing MB. Four (4) systems were used to investigate the performance of AgNPs; System 1 (AgNPs alone), System 2 (AgNPs + NaBH4), System 3 (AgNPs + KBE) and System 4 (AgNPs on TNTs). From the catalytic study on MB removal, no reduction was observed in System 1. Reduction was the highest in System 2. The pseudo first and second order approaches were used for the kinetic study of System 2. 100% removal efficiency (%RE) was found to be possible in 30 ppm MB solution with pH 8-10 which followed first order kinetic with reaction rate of 2.5715 min-1. For 100 pm solution, the first order kinetic was 1.4614 min-1. It took less than 5 mins for the 100% removal which is considered to be extremely fast. On the other hand, for System 3, 93 %RE of MB was achieved with a rate of reaction of 0.2663 min−1 at pH 2. The efficient removal is proposed to be due to the process of reduction occuring via electron relay effect whereas in System 3, sedimentation occurred along with the reduction process. However, at the end of the process it was observed that seperation of AgNPs from the treated MB solution was difficult which may pose a secondary pollution. In order to circumvent this, in the second part of this thesis, System 4 was introduced where AgNPs were immobilised on TiO2 before being subjected to be used as catalyst for MB removal. The TiO2 was fabricated on a surface of titanium wire by anodic process. The anodic film was made to be in a form of TiO2 nanotube (TNT) arrays and AgNPs were then dispersed on the TNTs as catalyst support by wet impregnation technique. The TNTs/AgNPs were characterized and their catalytic activity was tested for removal of MB. However, it was found that the removal efficiency was much slower as compared to when AgNPS were used. The reduction of MB by TNTs/AgNPs followed pseudo-first order kinetic with the kinetic rate of 7.5 x 10-3 min-1.
Investigation of adhesion between microwave plasma treated epoxy and silicone
(2020-05-01)
Choong, Lai Fan
Adhesion between silicone and microwave plasma treated epoxy in oxygen was studied. Wettability of epoxy was investigated by varying 2.45 GHz microwave plasma power (100-600 W), oxygen flow rate (20-60 sccm) and treatment time (1-5 min). Oxygen plasma activation by the microwave plasma transformed hydrophobic surface of epoxy to hydrophilic by reducing water contact angle from 102° to 14° with plasma power of 300 W in oxygen flow rate of 20 sccm for 1 min. The plasma treatment can effectively increase the oxygen-to-carbon atomic ratio of epoxy from 0.16 to 0.28, which can be attributed to polar groups including C–O, C=O and O=C–O. Root-mean-square roughness can be enhanced by 26% by exposing epoxy for 5 min at plasma power of 300 W in oxygen flow rate of 20 sccm. Based on the regression analysis, the increment in shear strength between epoxy and silicone can be related to epoxide groups (C–O–C) and low molecular weight oxidized materials (LMWOM). The beneficial effects of LMWOM on the shear strength between epoxy and silicone signifies the compatibility of LMWOM in silicone. Cross-linking of polymer chains between LMWOM and epoxy forms polymer chains with higher molecular weight which can enhance shear strength between epoxy and silicone. Transient surface properties monitoring for two months had been conducted. The instability of the surface topography of epoxy correlates well with the typical symptoms of hydrophobic recovery phenomenon. In particular, the significant increment in shear strength between aged epoxy and silicone is an important finding, which is completely contradicting with literature. The shear strength between epoxy and silicone drastically raises from zero day to one week but it gradually reduces in further aging for two months. The rise in shear strength on aged epoxy within one week is in line with the increment in epoxide groups. Further ageing from one week to two months, the gradual decline in shear strength between epoxy and silicone is due to the dominating influence of the decaying in surface free energy and oxidation state of silicon dioxide. During ageing, LMWOM play negligible role in affecting the shear strength between epoxy and silicone probably due to the consumption of LMWOM in cross-linking reactions and the diffusion of LMWOM from the surface of epoxy to the bulk. After two months, the adhesion of plasma treated epoxy sustains at a relatively high value compared to that of untreated epoxy. The shear strength between epoxy and silicone was considerably improvedout after reliability stress tests. The prolonged elevated adhesion of plasma treated epoxy and excellent reliability performance of the adhesion between epoxy and silicone, demonstrated the advantages of surface activation by 2.45 GHz microwave plasma.
Preparation and properties of protein based thermoplastics from sardine fish waste
(2020-06-01)
Alias, Siti Amirah
In this study, fish protein thermoplastics (FPT) was prepared and characterized. Three samples, namely mackerel fillet powder (MFP), mackerel by-products powder (MBP) and sardine by-products powder (SBP) were processed into fish powder. It was found that the protein content in all samples, approximately (43% -76%) and SBP was chosen as the material to produced thermoplastic. The result shows that twin screw extruder offers a better and efficient mixing at 120ºC and 100 rpm. The interactions between FPT with additives through chemical modification were explored by changing the parameters such as condition time, stearic acid compositions and glycerol content. It was found that condition the samples at 168 hours increased the tensile strength of the FPT due to hydrogen bonding between that formed between polymer-water-plasticizer. The optimum tensile strength of FPT was shown in sample modified by 25% stearic acid. This is due to carboxylic group of stearic acid that could possibly react with protein in FPT. The process of protein unfolding can be clearly observed in denaturation enthalpy during heating in DSC. The amount of energy to break down the bonding high at 30% stearic acid. The highest elongation at break properties was achieved at 1.4% indicated that glycerol has the ability to increased the chain mobility of FPT and enhance the material’s flexibility. Despite the subtle different methods to incorporate additives and plasticizers in FPT, the preparation and characterization of FPT offers a material with improved mechanical properties and thermal stability which offer a potentially wider range of biodegradable plastic from waste.

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