Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraaan Elektrik dan Elektronik - Monograf

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Pengelog data untuk multi-meter digital
(2004-03-01)
Lai, Thiam Hee
A normal multimeter is used to measure the voltage and current of certain circuits and also the resistance across certain lines. As the world of electronics evolves, multimeter evolved from analog to digital. But how to incoporate the data measured from a digital multimeter into a computer? The answer to the above question is the datalogger of the digital multimeter. The datalogger is connected into the digital multimeter so that the data measured can be stored into its memory. Before the era of datalogger, some latest digital multimeters have serial interface ready. By linking the interface to the computer, one can get the recording of oscilloscope for slow signals. On the downside, the computer has to be present at the measurement location, and left running all the time. Besides, the digital multimeter occupies the serial port during the entire measurement. These disadvantages certainly points to wastage of computer resources. The datalogger designed will be free of these disadvantages. It can automatically captures the discrete measurement values supplied by the digital multimeter and puts them into permanent storage. When the need arises, the contents of the datalogger will then be downloaded into computer for data manipulation.
Color image watermarking for copyright protection
(2005-03-01)
Chua, Tiong Kin
Watermarking is an effective and potential method for copyright protection in digital audio, image and video data. One of the media is digital image, where it can be copied and displayed widely while still maintaining the quality. Protections to these images become more and more important. One of the simple methods is to hide the data and then get back the data by owner itself, with certain secret key. The main objective of my project is to find out which color model representation is suitable apply the digital image watermarking for copyright protection. One of the watermarking techniques in frequency domain is applied. At the same time, the robustness of the implemented algorithm to the common image processing operation, example, filtering attack, noise attack, rotation attack, and lossy JPEG compression. Some images are used in the testing. Detailed description of every resulted image and watermark is show out in this report. Quality evaluation to the images is carried out and comparison is made. The quality metrics used in this project is PSNR.
Low bit rate speech coding using tms320c6416
(2005-03-01)
Mahamad Haniffah, Mohamad Habib
The title of the project is Low Bit Rate Speech Coding Using TMS320C6416 DSP Processor. The scope of this project is divided into two main parts. Part one involves the study of the TMS320C6416 DSP processor. My task was to understand the architecture of this board and complete the tutorials in Code Composer Studio (CCS). The second part is concerned with the sampling of speech signal (analog signal) at different sampling frequencies and to study its effects on the quality of the reconstructed speech signal. Initially MATLAB and SIMULINK were used to sample the speech file and to study the effect of variation in sampling frequency on the quality of the speech signal and its waveform. Later, the sampling process is implemented in real time using the TMS320C6416 DSP Processor. Three sampling frequencies were chosen which are 8000 Hz, 4000 Hz and 2000 Hz. The results were divided into two sections; before real-time implementation and after real-time implementation. The comparison of the quality of the sampled audio signal was carried out for the three sampling frequencies as mentioned earlier. Two methods were used to measure the quality of the reconstructed audio signal. First, fifteen students were chosen to rate their score for the quality of the reconstructed signal. The score range was from 1(bad) to 5(excellent). Secondly, scope was used to display the waveform of the original and reconstructed signal. The results showed that the quality of the sound degrades from 8000 Hz to 2000 Hz.
Rekabentuk pengelog data untuk solar panel
(2005-03-01)
Mohd Johari, Mohd Ridzuan
This report discusses a data logger design using a microcontroller that had been tested for measurement, storage and data analysis purpose. PIC16C73 microcontroller is combined with other chips to show a typical format for interface. Data input included measurement and recorded voltage, current and solar module power. This report discusses about theory and real application of data logger. Voltage divider concept is used to measure the output of solar module. This report also discusses about basic of data logger and it architecture such as measuring circuit, logger circuit and reader circuit. Data logger operation and its programming are discussed in this report. Indirectly this project contains two main elements hardware and software development.
Pemodelan sistem pintar untuk menentukan nilai pecahan minyak
(2005-03-01)
Mohamood, Nadzrie
The project title is modeling of an intelligent system for oil-fraction determination. The purpose of this project is to determine the fractions of oils in a pipeline containing two components, which are oil and gas. There are many types of flow regimes that could form in a pipeline such as stratified, core, annular, bubble, and homogenous flows. In this project all flow regimes need to be created by way of geometrical segments using program and will be fed into the Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) simulator to get a set of ECT data which is represented in the form of independent capacitance measurements. This project uses an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to solve the problem of oil-fraction determination. The entire work of this project realizes Matlab version 6.5.1 software. This project does not go through the image reconstruction stage to determine the oil-fraction. All those data from the ECT simulator will be divided into 3 categories to be used in learning process of ANN. 40% of the data are used for training, 20% for validation, and the remaining 40% for testing data. Each data division is done randomly. The ANN architecture used is Radial Basis Function (RBF). The RBF will be trained with the training data chosen before regarding to the various probability of fraction of oil in a vessel. The output is a value between 0 and 1, corresponding to the fraction of oil in a pipe cross section.
Pengenalpastian bakteria tibi
(2005-03-01)
Mohammad, Nazrul Hilmi
This project has benefited from a number of individuals who gave generously their time and expertise, and the following persons deserve special mentions. My highest thanks goes to Associate Professor Umi Kalthum Ngah, my project supervisor who has done a lot to facilitate me for the whole duration of the project, right from the day I was assigned the project title, next to the implementation of the project, and further to the completion of this dissertation. I would also like to thank Dr. Suraiya Mohd. Noor from the School of Medicine for facilitating me during the data acquisition activity. Also, I must express my appreciation to Dr. Nor Ashidi Mat Isa who has been assigned as the second examiner for my project, for his willingness to examine this dissertation and attend my presentation alongside my project supervisor. Furthermore, my acknowledgement extends to my dearest counterparts, Tina Zahani Zainuddin and Syed Mohamad Hatmi Syed Zainal Abidin, under the supervision of the same supervisor as mine, for their bits of suggestions and constructive criticisms that helped me quite a lot to improve my project. Thanks also to the Final Year Project Coordinator for this term, Associate Professor Dr. Mohd. Yusof Mashor who provided general guidelines on the project development, particularly on the rules and standards in writing this dissertation. Last but not least, my undying thanks to all other individuals whom have not been mentioned here in particular for their own bit of direct and indirect contribution in this project.
Semi-automatic features extraction of cervical cells
(2005-03-01)
Mohanadas, Veerayen
This project is entitled ‘Semi-automatic Features Extraction of Cervical Cells’. The project is aimed to create a user friendly software which can be able to analyze Pap smear images via image processing. Cytological screening using the Pap smear test is the most effective strategy for the detection of precancerous state and consequent control of cervical cancer. Cytological samples that are taken from Pap smear test will undergo further analysis to detect the degree of abnormality of the cervical cells. The results of the abnormality of the samples can be inaccurate since some types of the medical images are blurring and highly affected by unwanted noise. Those bottlenecks in the medical images are believed that can be reduced via implementations of an adaptive fuzzy c-means (AFCM) and moving k-means (MKM) clustering techniques. These clustering techniques were used to segment the Pap smear images and later the features of the cells were extracted using region growing based feature extraction (RGBFE) technique. The performance of AFCM and MKM were analyzed based on the segmentation results of 6 Pap smear images. In overall, MKM was produced much better images than AFCM. Although the results have revealed that AFCM was suffering from centre redundancy and poor final centres in most of the cases, but it has also shown an advantage over MKM where AFCM was not sensitive to initial centres.
Design of efficient baseline coders for image compression
(2005-03-01)
Tharmalingam, Vicknatheeban
Image compression is the process of reducing the number of bits required to represent an image. This can be achieved by reducing (or ideally, eliminating) various types of redundancy that exist in the imaging data. This research develops various types of down-sampling filters to compress the image and followed by up-sampling filters to decompress the image. The concept used to down-sample is by deleting either the odd or even numbered columns or rows. Besides that, the columns and rows are also deleted in two’s to further compress the image. The image is then up-sampled by using duplication or replacing the deleted row or columns with the average of other rows or columns. The compression ratio achieved through this research is 50% and 67%. The images are then compared by the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio and through observation to decide on the best type of filter. Through the research and results, it is proved that the filter that up-samples the image by replacing the deleted rows with the average of the two subsequent even numbered row has the best output.
An analysis of two dimensionality reduction techniques on the performance of neural network classifiers
(2005-03-01)
Ong, Siok Lan
This project involves an analysis of the effectiveness of two dimensionality reduction techniques, i.e., Principal Component Analysis as the standard approach and Random Projection as a recent technique. The study is based on the performance of two supervised neural network classifiers i.e., Standard Backpropagation and Fuzzy ARTMAP. A set of benchmark and real medical databases are used to evaluate the performance of the neural network models. The performance indicators used are percentage of correct classification, purity, and collective entropy. The Student’s two-tailed paired t-test is used to compare the significance of differences of the results. Based on the estimated 95% confidence intervals, a strong decision which eventually leads to a convincing conclusion on the performance of the dimensionality reduction techniques can be obtained. The perceived experimental results especially from the real medical data sets are encouraging enough to prove that Random Projection exhibits good performance as a dimensionality reduction technique. Surprisingly, Random Projection is effective on low dimensional data, and the outcomes are as good as Principal Component Analysis. A discussion on generalization of the results obtained is included, and a conclusion ensues. Recommendations are also included for further improvements and enhancements in the analysis of dimensionality reduction techniques.
Design of a 200watts, 12volts output voltage buck-boost dc-dc converter for photovaltaic application
(2005-03-01)
Lau, Phooi San
Solar energy becomes a very important source of power energy as the other power sources especially petroleum is decreasing. This brings to development of photovoltaic applications. To widen the usage of photovoltaic application, buckboost converter is an important device to stabilize performance of photovoltaic application that is depends on intensity of the sunshine. A buck-boost converter with 200W and 12V DC output voltage has been designed in this project to help in mentioned problem. This project included design of buck-boost converter, simulation of the circuit and building of hardware. SG 3524 is selected as the SMPS controller for the buck-boost converter. To generate square-wave from SG 3524, simple control circuit had to be designed and connected to the chip. Two types of switch, which are MOSFET and BJT, have been used to decide the most suitable configuration to drive a buck-boost converter. From experiments, PNP BJT is chosen as switch and drives the converter successfully. The output meets expected 12V DC output from varying input between 6V and 20V. Efficiency of this converter is varying between 91% and 47% depends on the varying input voltage. With this buck-boost converter, the input voltage can be stabilized at level 12V by controlled of duty cycle of switching waveform.
Active and passive fet mixer
(2005-03-01)
Mustapa, Muzalifah
To accomplish the project for in designing an active mixer and passive mixer, the main problem is to obtain the conversion gain for the active mixer design compared to passive mixer design. From the linearity issue, active mixer design is nonlinear compared to passive mixer design that is more linear. Besides that, the active mixer has better isolation compared to the passive mixer. This project will be created by applying the circuit design into simulation from HP-ADS (Advanced design system) to the circuit board that is appropriate and and analyzation will be made for both designs. The results at the conversion gain, linearity issue, and port-to-port isolation will be compared for both of the design and will be discussed according to the theory. Additionally, all problem that may occur from the design and analyzation will be considered and the inaccurate result from measurement will be discussed. The mixer will be designed in down conversion system. This circuit is designed by using the hardwares and the surface mount chip elements that are in effective cost and applicable with the practical usage. Therefore, the design of mixer and the analyzation can be make without any intricacy. Hopefully the design of the active mixer and passive mixer using FET transistor can be continued and improved for the usage in variety of application in the future.
Antena pintar
(2005-03-01)
Khalid, Ahmad Khairol Azhani
This project is about a developing an antena. It’s called smart antenna. This antenna has 6 patch element on it. Smart antenna having a wide angular range and high gain value that is 6 dBic. Smart antenna has a pattern that is not fixed, but adapts to the current radion conditions. The technique is a simple switching between predefined beams to optimum beamforming. This technique can decrease power loss because the beam is only be radiated toward the user only, the power radiated in other directions will be exprienced as interference by other users. Smart antenna will directing a beam toward the comunication partner only. Smart antena can increase the capacity, increase the range,prepare a new service, security and reduced multipath propagation. Smart antenna be designed as thin, compact, small and simple because it will be mounted on bullet train, ship and car roof.
Sistem pengecaman bentuk berdasarkan fpga
(2005-03-01)
Zainal Ariffin, Nur Bayani
Pattern recognition is an important part to human being daily life, because we always recognize the patterns in all aspects our works. Pattern recognition means that the definition, identification and the classification by deciding the characteristics of that pattern which is need to be known. It is always can be an application to whatever course and now have been used widely among the people. Hence, a pattern recognition system by an array of chemical sensor application will be developing based on FPGA. It is purposely to develop hardware for that application. Beside that, an algorithm also will be used to implement this system. Fuzzy Inferences System has been chosen as the method for designing the system. This method will be implementing to the system since it is a popular way to represent pattern recognition system. There are 3 main processes that have to be done by this method, they are fuzzification, rules inferences engine and defuzzification. The Xilinx Foundation 2.1 Series based on FPGA is the methodology for development this system.
Theory and application of magneto-optic techniques in the non contact measurement of current
(2005-03-01)
Munusamy, Narayanan
Although the use of semiconductor magnetic sensors and fiber optical devices for making quantitative industrial controls, navigation systems, medical imaging and land mine detection have been long established. There exists a body of other measurement capabilities for such devices, which have gone generally unnoticed. These involve measurement of current, charge carrier, magnetic flux, voltage and power which may be generally referred to as electrical quantities. The semiconductor magnetic sensors used to detect changes in current as big as 10.0A and on the other hand, the photo detector used to detects changes in light due to the variation of current as small as 1.0mA. Because of the measurement occurs contact less and a high temporal resolution is achievable, this sensor and optical techniques can open up a new perspectives in the field of real-time production metrology, for example controlling DC motor or a chemical process with saves in consuming time, manpower and money.
Design of bandpass filter front-end receiver for cdma application at 900mhz using cmos technology
(2005-03-01)
Ching, Kai Lun
A fourth order bandpass filter with a center frequency of 40 MHz and bandwidth of 1.25 MHz is designed using CMOS 0.18 μm technology. In this thesis, the power consumption, linearity and noise performance of a CMOS Gm-C bandpass filter are studied. Two 40 MHz bandpass filters are designed and analyzed. Both filters are 4thorder bandpass filters constructed by cascading 2 stages of biquads. The first design of the filter uses only transconductance cells together with capacitors and resistors. The measured IIP3 of the first design is -3.45 dBm with a gain of 42.79 dB and the noise figure is 25 dB. The power consumption is 3.2 mW with a 1.8 V voltage supply. The resistance value reaches as high as 216 kΩ. It can be tuned from 8.38 MHz to 84.3 MHz. The second design of the filter employs negative transconductance cells together with transconductance cells, capacitors and resistors. The measured IIP3 of the second design is -4.33 dBm with a gain of 35.16 dB and the noise figure is 29 dB. The power consumption is 5.84 mW with a 1.8 V voltage supply. The second design which employs negative transconductance cells has reduced the resistance value to just a few kΩ without much effect on the performance of the filter. The tuning range of the second filter is from 8.38 MHz to 76.31 MHz.
Mengawal kelajuan motor aruhan satu fasa menggunakan pwm berdasarkan fpga
(2005-03-01)
Roslan, Rosmaiza
Nowadays, design technology is being one of the most important asset in order to increase the technology standard in our country. So that, designing induction motor control speed circuit using FPGA is one of the new design method. Motor is one of the most important devices we used today in industry with this circuit design, it will help us to handle all those machine in industry. This speed control circuit is using PWM( Pulse Width Modulation ) method. There are many ways to produce PWM. One of them is by using FPGA. This project is developed to design PWM signal that will control the speed of the ac induction motor by using xilinx.
Low noise active integrated antenna (lnaia)
(2005-03-01)
Mohd Mahadzir, Mohd Mustami
Nowadays, the developments of wireless communication fields are widely used. One of them is the usage of the antennas in data transmission between the receive antenna and the transmit antenna. Active Integrated Antenna (AIA) is a new technology that integrates the passive antenna element with active device in a single substrate. In this project, an inset feed microstrip patch antenna is integrated with a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) to produce an AIA system. The purpose of this project is to investigate in terms of active and passive performance of the antenna. Indeed, this microstrip patch antennas are known to be easy to be integrated with active devices. This microstrip patch antennas will directly be integrated to the transistor, producing gains and low noise. Commonly, antennas that have been designed are not integrated directly to the active devices, causing high noise but with the AIA approach it could reduce the losses. This Low Noise Active Integrated Antenna (LNAIA) is resonated at 2 GHz that used transmission line feeding method with impedance matching at 50 ohm. The matching technique is important in designing the LNA. Besides that, this AIA’s have many advantages such as less cost, smaller size and good for radiation characteristic for microwave wireless communications.
Design of up-conversion mixer front end transmitter for cdma application at 900mhz using cmos technology
(2005-03-01)
Tan, Wee Chuan
This report included design, and simulation results of up conversion mixer that operate at LO frequency 798 MHz. System and circuit design had been carried out with the aid of software program Cadence. Two steps up conversion mixer is a type of mixer that combines a single side band mixer and a double side balanced mixer to perform two steps up conversion process. First part of mixer will convert IF input signal at 40 MHz to 572 MHz by multiplication with LO signal at 532 MHz. The output of mixer part one consists 2 spectrum frequency at 572 MHz and 492 MHz. A Band pass filter is needed to filter the spectrum on 492MHz, the output signal after filtering process by band pass filter is at 572MHz. The output signal will become the input signal for mixer second part. Second part of mixerwill convert the input signal at 572MHz to 838MHz by multiplication with another LO signal at 266MHz. The detail circuits design is discussed in chapter 5 and performance for each part of the mixer system are tested and measured in cadence. The results are listed in Chapter 6.
Elektronik kuasa dalam aplikasi pengecasan kapasitor
(2005-03-01)
Nik Ramli, Nik Izudin
This project is to design a power electronics circuit that can be used in capacitor charging applications. The circuit is called a Half Bridge Series Loaded Resonance Converter. The function of this circuit is to supply resonance dc power. This circuit is act like a transformer which can step down an input dc voltage until the output voltage is less than half of the input voltage. For this project, the circuit using an input voltage of 30V. Analysis have been done using PSIM software. From PSIM simulation, we know that the output voltage produced depends on resonant frequency and switching frequency. Circuit operation mode will be effected if there is some changes in switching frequency. There are two modes of circuit operations which are continuous and discontinuous mode. Discontinuous mode occured when switching frequency is less than half of resonance frequency and continuous mode occured when switching frequency is more than half of resonance frequency. From the simulation of discontinuous mode, it shows that the output voltage is 5V. While for the continuous mode the output voltage is 12V. We have already know that when switching frequency is high, the output voltage produced is also high but it is limited until half of the input voltage. The designed switching circuit is using a PWM technique to control the MOSFET.
Rekabentuk sistem pakar bagi pulmonari tuberculosis dengan peningkatan imej
(2005-03-01)
Zainuddin, Tina Zahani
An expert system is a system that is capable of emulating the human expert problem assessment ability. The expert system is a part of artificial intelligence or artificial intelligence technology research field that is design to assist problem solving and improve productivity. Knowledge extracted from texts, journals, experts or other sources are coded in apt forms for the system to use in its reasoning process. The expert system develop allows for pulmonary tuberculosis infection forecast with the aid of image enhancement tools. The system design was develop by application of Borland C++ Version 6.0 software development tools. The expert system itself includes not only the disease infection certainty forecast but also disease explanation within the expert system main interface frame. The main diagnosis means for detection of pulmonary tuberculosis is made by using chest x-ray images. These images loaded into the expert system mainframe will be inferred upon by the expert system client. Manipulation of the images by the client is done with the enhancement tools incorporated into the expert system. The whole software is devise with one main principle that is to have the system simple enough that even a first time user would be able to use it affectively.

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