Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraaan Elektrik dan Elektronik - Monograf

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Pengelog data untuk multi-meter digital
(2004-03-01)
Lai, Thiam Hee
A normal multimeter is used to measure the voltage and current of certain circuits and also the resistance across certain lines. As the world of electronics evolves, multimeter evolved from analog to digital. But how to incoporate the data measured from a digital multimeter into a computer? The answer to the above question is the datalogger of the digital multimeter. The datalogger is connected into the digital multimeter so that the data measured can be stored into its memory. Before the era of datalogger, some latest digital multimeters have serial interface ready. By linking the interface to the computer, one can get the recording of oscilloscope for slow signals. On the downside, the computer has to be present at the measurement location, and left running all the time. Besides, the digital multimeter occupies the serial port during the entire measurement. These disadvantages certainly points to wastage of computer resources. The datalogger designed will be free of these disadvantages. It can automatically captures the discrete measurement values supplied by the digital multimeter and puts them into permanent storage. When the need arises, the contents of the datalogger will then be downloaded into computer for data manipulation.
Elektronik kuasa dalam aplikasi pengecasan kapasitor
(2005-03-01)
Nik Ramli, Nik Izudin
This project is to design a power electronics circuit that can be used in capacitor charging applications. The circuit is called a Half Bridge Series Loaded Resonance Converter. The function of this circuit is to supply resonance dc power. This circuit is act like a transformer which can step down an input dc voltage until the output voltage is less than half of the input voltage. For this project, the circuit using an input voltage of 30V. Analysis have been done using PSIM software. From PSIM simulation, we know that the output voltage produced depends on resonant frequency and switching frequency. Circuit operation mode will be effected if there is some changes in switching frequency. There are two modes of circuit operations which are continuous and discontinuous mode. Discontinuous mode occured when switching frequency is less than half of resonance frequency and continuous mode occured when switching frequency is more than half of resonance frequency. From the simulation of discontinuous mode, it shows that the output voltage is 5V. While for the continuous mode the output voltage is 12V. We have already know that when switching frequency is high, the output voltage produced is also high but it is limited until half of the input voltage. The designed switching circuit is using a PWM technique to control the MOSFET.
Rekabentuk satu teknik tera air separa rapuh yang berasaskan ‘wavelet’ untuk kegunaan pengesahan imej
(2005-03-01)
Koh, Ling Hock
The enormous popularity of the World Wide Web in the early 1990's demonstrated the commercial potential of offering multimedia resources through the digital networks. Since commercial interests seek to use the digital networks to offer digital media for profit, they have a strong interest in protecting their ownership rights. Digital watermarking has been proposed as one way to accomplish this. Digital watermarking serves many purposes, such as intellectual property rights protection, content verification and information hiding. Since 1993, the research of digital watermarking for image content authentication has received more and more attentions. Image content authentication tries to embed information in order to identify and localize any malicious attacks on the image. In this dissertation, a wavelet-based semi-fragile watermarking technique for image content authentication is proposed, which is robust against content-preserving operations, while very fragile to content-changing processing. The image is first divided into equal-sized, non-overlapping blocks. Then, the average of pixel intensities is calculated for each of such blocks and embedded as a semi-fragile watermark back into the image for content protection. The experimental results clearly demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is able to detect malicious attacks on the image, secure and robust to common image processing operations.
Antena pintar
(2005-03-01)
Khalid, Ahmad Khairol Azhani
This project is about a developing an antena. It’s called smart antenna. This antenna has 6 patch element on it. Smart antenna having a wide angular range and high gain value that is 6 dBic. Smart antenna has a pattern that is not fixed, but adapts to the current radion conditions. The technique is a simple switching between predefined beams to optimum beamforming. This technique can decrease power loss because the beam is only be radiated toward the user only, the power radiated in other directions will be exprienced as interference by other users. Smart antenna will directing a beam toward the comunication partner only. Smart antena can increase the capacity, increase the range,prepare a new service, security and reduced multipath propagation. Smart antenna be designed as thin, compact, small and simple because it will be mounted on bullet train, ship and car roof.
E – dagang melalui telefon mudah alih menggunakan java 2 micro edition (j2me)
(2005-03-01)
Safiei, Siti Juliana
Handphone is now becoming one of the necessities of human life. Unlike years ago, the cost for handphone has significantly less as customer can get it for a mere few hundred dollars. What if the functionalities of the handphone can be expanded, for example, to support e-commerce. This project implements e-commerce support for buying parking ticket. Concerning implementation the project utilizes the JAVA 2 MICRO EDITION platform.
E-commerce within 3d environment
(2005-03-01)
Khaw, Kien Weng
With the advent of cheap and fast computer, the notion of 3D graphics has been very popular lately, from video games to weather simulations to movies that give us a glimpse of virtual reality. The World Wide Web has gained even more popularity. Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) was born to solve this problem: how to put compelling 3D onto every PC connected to the Web. One of the effective applications of 3D on the Web is 3D ECommerce. Most of the E-Commerce web sites currently available on the internet are presenting their products to their customers using 2D images. Due to the limitations of text and 2D graphics, the customers can just have a vague picture of the product. They could not really know how the product looks like in reality. With 3D environment or virtual reality, the customer of the E-Commerce web site may rotate a product to have a 360-degree view of that product. Rather than a 2D image, the customer can choose how to look at the model or world, the viewer can navigate the world and the most interesting is the file size can often be much less. 3D E-commerce presents the most realistic and detailed view of products to customers. This project is to investigate the feasibility of E-Commerce within 3D environment. In this project, e-commerce within 3D environment is developed. A case study of a furniture shop is considered in this project. VRML is used to develop the 3D objects and environment in the project. In order to provide text and navigation aids to help the user read about and interact with the VRML world, the web site is developed by integrating the VRML world with Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) text. Just like any other typical e-commerce web site, a server side application and database supports is a must. In this project, Java Server Pages (JSP) is used to build the server side program which is responsible to generate the web pages with the combination of static and dynamic contents and to communicate with the database. Tomcat is used as the container for running the JSP web application. MySQL, a DBMS, is used to build and manage the database for the project.
Design of digital to analog converter (dac) for integrated bluetooth applications using 0.18μm cmos technology
(2005-03-01)
Low, Pit Xing
Digital to analog converter (DAC) is one of the important elements in thecommunication circuits. In this project, a digital to analog converter which operates with 1.8V voltage supply is implemented based on 0.18μm Silterra CMOS process technology. The implemented digital to analog converter is an 8-bit parallel inputs R-2R architecture converter. The digital to analog converter operates with a reference voltage and provides a current output. An operational amplifier is connected at the output end of the R-2R network to convert the output current to suitable output voltage. This operational amplifier is a current mirror op-amp with open loop dc voltage gain of 24.64dB. Besides, this op-amp achieves bandwidth of 21.5MHz, with the power consumption of 0.85mW. The mentioned reference voltage is established by another circuit block which known as bandgap reference voltage circuit. This bandgap reference voltage circuit is simply composed of CMOS transistors, op-amp, resistors and diodes. The overall D/A converter circuit has the settling time 8ns, which means the data sampling rate of 125MHz, with power consumption of 31.356mW. The schematic entry and simulation of the whole DAC circuits is done using the software Cadence, Virtuoso and Spectre.
Intelligent car park system
(2005-03-01)
Saw, Qher Shynn
The main objective of this project is to design an intelligent car park system based on computer and Micro controller. This prototype is build using a model to stimulate the actual car park system. High-level language such as Visual Basic 6 is chosen because it can be used to build a convenient system. By using Visual Basic 6, a user-friendly Graphic User Interface can be created. The basic concept of this project is similar to that of a normal car park, but it has been enhanced with various useful features such as number of cars enters, number of cars illegally parked and number of available lots. All signals will be first processed by the PIC16F877A micro controller and then sent by it to the computer. The main hardware consists of a PIC16F877A micro controller by Microchip Technology Inc, LDR sensors and 7404 Hex Inverter ICs. LDR sensors are placed at entrance and every parking lot to detect cars. The source code of the PIC micro controller is developed using MPLAB Integrated Development Environments while the interface of the car park system is created using Microsoft Visual Basic 6. The main advantages of this project are information is carried out from time to time to give a clear view of empty lots available for drivers. Time consuming can be reduced to the lowest level. Besides that, the cost required to build and manage this intelligent car park system is low so that any company or shopping centre able to possess. Any inconvenience during finding parking lot can be solved easily. This project also designs for capable of guardhouse monitoring activities inside the car park.
Rekabentuk penyalun dilektrik 10 ghz yang mempunyai ayunan penimbal
(2005-03-01)
Wan Abdullah, Wan Mohd Afindi
This project is to design a dielectric resonator oscillator at frequency of 10 GHz. To make this oscillator, a dielectric oscillator is connected to an amplifier to create a positive loop feedback. In the design of this oscillator, an oscillator circuit was developed and tested to determine whether the citcuit oscillator or not. The amplifier circuit also has been designed and the gain was set to be greater than zero in order to ensure the circuit will have the desired output. Both of these circuits was be combined to create an oscillator. The circuit was tested again to ensure that the value of Gain from the circuit satisfied the specification and need. In designing the circuit layout, two circuit boards have been developed to test the puck that is being used. The first circuit board is using only one line fabrication and the second circuit board is using two lines fabrication. This circuit board was connected to the network analyzer to measure the frequency response of the puck.
Investigate instability behaviour in high power ldmos power amplifier
(2005-03-01)
Ab Rahman, Ida Idyuni
In this thesis the models of LDMOS power amplifier was been investigated using Advanced Design System (ADS) version 2004A software from Agilent Technologies for operation below 1 GHz frequency range. There are two models considered in this project. Both of the models were provided by Motorola. The two models are RD01MUS1 and RD07MVS1 based on a 59 mil LDMOS transistor using type of FR4 PCB Board. Large signal simulations of both models have demonstrated results, which lead to the conclusion that, these models cannot be efficiently utilised for design of input and output matching networks using Unilateral value for Conjugate Matching. However, there are other matching applications; Load Line Matching and Load Pull Analysis that can be used that have not been explored yet by the researcher due to time constraint. Hence, it is important to take into account during new processes of LDMOS as well as to improve the CAD model. The final conclusion regarding LDMOS cannot be made just based on these simulation results, since they are not in accordance with the published ones. The next step should be aimed at improving the model and further investigation of LDMOS to prove their ability to operate with optimum efficiency in above1 GHz frequency range.
Semi-automatic features extraction of cervical cells
(2005-03-01)
Mohanadas, Veerayen
This project is entitled ‘Semi-automatic Features Extraction of Cervical Cells’. The project is aimed to create a user friendly software which can be able to analyze Pap smear images via image processing. Cytological screening using the Pap smear test is the most effective strategy for the detection of precancerous state and consequent control of cervical cancer. Cytological samples that are taken from Pap smear test will undergo further analysis to detect the degree of abnormality of the cervical cells. The results of the abnormality of the samples can be inaccurate since some types of the medical images are blurring and highly affected by unwanted noise. Those bottlenecks in the medical images are believed that can be reduced via implementations of an adaptive fuzzy c-means (AFCM) and moving k-means (MKM) clustering techniques. These clustering techniques were used to segment the Pap smear images and later the features of the cells were extracted using region growing based feature extraction (RGBFE) technique. The performance of AFCM and MKM were analyzed based on the segmentation results of 6 Pap smear images. In overall, MKM was produced much better images than AFCM. Although the results have revealed that AFCM was suffering from centre redundancy and poor final centres in most of the cases, but it has also shown an advantage over MKM where AFCM was not sensitive to initial centres.
Theory, design, fabrication and testing of capacitive pressure transducer
(2005-03-01)
Virachami, Moganadass
Transducers are predominantly used as sensors, because with a few exceptions, their efficiency of conversion is very low and to achieve a higher efficiency of conversion, transducers need to use the electrical signals to the amplifier. The piezoelectric device (pressure sensing) is also a useful transducer (can be used in either direction). Transducer use of piezoelectric crystals is mainly confined to the conversion between pressure waves in a liquid or gas and electrical AC signals. The conversion of energy from an electrical form into stress can be achieved by the magnetically cored solenoids. Pressure Transducer operates to convert the physical variable pressure into an electrical output signal that is proportional to the pressure measurement. The output supply is in form of current or voltage signals. Standard signals allow combining transducers, controllers, computers or stored program controllers (SPC) of different manufacturers without incurring any problem. The standardization simplifies both works as the manufacturers and also as the designer or any company operating instruments and plants. Capacitive Pressure Transducer operates as a pressure sensing device which senses the changes of capacitance according to the changes of pressure applied to the transducer. The measurement of these changes (output) is defined in form of voltage signal using a special measurement circuit is build out of operational amplifiers, resistors, capacitors and switch. The measurement results and conclusion of the project conducted on the capacitive pressure transducer is presented in the last part of this report together with design of the pressure transducer and the measurement circuit.
Pakej perisian pemprosesan imej untuk kanser payudara
(2005-03-01)
Abu Seman, Noorhidayati
Breast cancer is one of the common disease among woman nowadays. Cancer can be detected by using a method called Pap test. This method or test also has a few weaknesses such as blurness and disturbance from any area that undesirable in the process. This will gives effect to the diagnosis and the result that have been done. Through this project, a Pap smear processing image was developed using Borland C++ Builder in order to reduce the weaknesses. At the same time, a technique of enhancing the contrast of the image and filtering has been implemented to the Pap smear image to upgrade the image quality. The filtering process is very useful for any image that has a disturbance while being or after processed. Algorithms that have been used to enhanced the contrast are contrast stretching, bright stretching, dark stretching, histogram equalization and color saturation modification. Algorithms that being used to enhance the filtering processed are high pass filter, low pass filter and also the median filter. This process shows that this technique have successfully enhanced the image quality from the Pap smear images.
Direct conversion receiver
(2005-03-01)
Wan Khairuddin, Wan Nur Hafsha
Direct conversion receiver is a receiver system that is widely used for wireless communication.Direct conversion receiver replaced the architecture of superheterodyne receiver.The objectives of my project is to do analysis of IQ Demodulator IC model LT5516 produced by Linear Technology and also the analysis of direct conversion receiver system using LT5516 to see the performance of this receiver.The test circuit for LT5516 is designed using printed circuit board (PCB). Narrowband balun structure is designed for input of RF signal and LO signal.Air core inductor is used for balun design.The analysis of LT5516 cannot be done because the connection between the LT5516 pads and printed circuit board cannot be done so that the test circuit cannot function without the connection of this LT5516 IC.The LT5516 IC cannot be soldered on printed circuit board because the size of the IC is too small (4mmx4mm). The soldering method used is not effective but I still used this method because there are no other technology in this campus. LT5516 pads are connected to printed circuit board using wire-wrap as the conductor.Wire-wrap is soldered to LT5516 pads and connected to PCB pads but lastly IC LT5516 cannot be soldered on PCB because the IC pads are small and resulted the soldering joint.To solve this problem I decreased the amount of solder but the wire wrap could not stick on IC pads.Other components are soldered on PCB pads but the analysis still cannot be done without this IC LT5516. Aluminium box is designed for this test circuit .The aluminium box isdesigned to avoid radiation that will effect the output signal.The calculation for band pass filter and low pass filter are include in this report even they cannot be applied because the circuit not function and cannot be analyze.The suggestions also include at the end of the report to ensure that the direct conversion receiver can function well and can be analyze to see the performance of direct conversion receiver.
Rekabentuk sistem pakar bagi pulmonari tuberculosis dengan peningkatan imej
(2005-03-01)
Zainuddin, Tina Zahani
An expert system is a system that is capable of emulating the human expert problem assessment ability. The expert system is a part of artificial intelligence or artificial intelligence technology research field that is design to assist problem solving and improve productivity. Knowledge extracted from texts, journals, experts or other sources are coded in apt forms for the system to use in its reasoning process. The expert system develop allows for pulmonary tuberculosis infection forecast with the aid of image enhancement tools. The system design was develop by application of Borland C++ Version 6.0 software development tools. The expert system itself includes not only the disease infection certainty forecast but also disease explanation within the expert system main interface frame. The main diagnosis means for detection of pulmonary tuberculosis is made by using chest x-ray images. These images loaded into the expert system mainframe will be inferred upon by the expert system client. Manipulation of the images by the client is done with the enhancement tools incorporated into the expert system. The whole software is devise with one main principle that is to have the system simple enough that even a first time user would be able to use it affectively.
Denyut voltan tinggi
(2005-03-01)
Nik Yusoff, Nik Zainal Abidin
Consumers’ requirements for foods are contantly changing. Today they demand the foods that are fresh and natural. Thermal pasteurization not only kills contaminating microorganisms but also affects the taste, colour and nutritional quality of foods. Cold pasteurization methods have been developed to kill microorganisms without the application of heat. One such method is the use of pulsed electric fields (PEF) for pasteurization of liquid foods. This research is about the usage of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on liquid foodstuff such as milk. A sample of milk is placed into a treatment chamber and treated with pulsed electric fields. Maximum voltage supply for the treatment chamber is about 17 kV. Parameters used for this experiment such as strength of electric fields, the number of pulses and the width of pulses is changed periodically to investigate their effects on the inactivation of microorganisms.
Design of up-conversion mixer front end transmitter for cdma application at 900mhz using cmos technology
(2005-03-01)
Tan, Wee Chuan
This report included design, and simulation results of up conversion mixer that operate at LO frequency 798 MHz. System and circuit design had been carried out with the aid of software program Cadence. Two steps up conversion mixer is a type of mixer that combines a single side band mixer and a double side balanced mixer to perform two steps up conversion process. First part of mixer will convert IF input signal at 40 MHz to 572 MHz by multiplication with LO signal at 532 MHz. The output of mixer part one consists 2 spectrum frequency at 572 MHz and 492 MHz. A Band pass filter is needed to filter the spectrum on 492MHz, the output signal after filtering process by band pass filter is at 572MHz. The output signal will become the input signal for mixer second part. Second part of mixerwill convert the input signal at 572MHz to 838MHz by multiplication with another LO signal at 266MHz. The detail circuits design is discussed in chapter 5 and performance for each part of the mixer system are tested and measured in cadence. The results are listed in Chapter 6.
A stepper motor design optimization using
(2005-03-01)
A stepper motor design optimization using
In this project, the design optimization of a stepper motor is presented. In general, the area of study can be divided into motor principles and construction, design methods, and digital control experiments. Theory is taught in classroom lectures, whereas control methods are learned primarily in laboratory situations. Instruction on motor design, however, is usually limited to the study of motor construction, with practically no laboratory time spent on the actual fabrication of motors. The production process, including material processing and winding, would take up too much time and expense. There is a need to fill this void in the area of small-motor design, and develop a program using Genetic Algorithms (GAs) as an approach to achieve optimization. The aim of optimum design in this project is to minimize the volume, weight and cost of stepper motor while keeping constraint variable at the desired value. In order to achieve the optimum design, Genetic Algorithms (GAs) approach has been applied. GAs approach is selected because it is a powerful and broadly applicable stochastic search and optimization techniques that works for many problems that are very difficult to solve by conventional methods. The design optimization procedure of a stepper motor is described in this project. A C++ program has been successfully developed based on the GAs by using the GAs library. This GAs library is a C++ library that contains tools and built-in components for using GAs to minimize the fitness function. In this project, the program that has been developed is run to get the optimization result with Microsoft Visual C++. In order to obtain better results from the program, some of the parameters have to be changed. These include GA parameter that is number of generation and size of population and penalty factor. From the result, it is shown that the objective function is achieved while keeping other constraint function at desired value. This project and successful results have proved the suitability of GA for design optimization of electrical equipment. It is shown that GA can be used to solve complex problems within a short period.
Design of power amplifier (pa) front-end transmitter for cdma application at 900mhz using 0.18 micron cmos technology
(2005-03-01)
Zahari, Muhamad Iskandar
Recent efforts in the design of integrated circuits for RF communication transceivers have focused on achieving higher levels of integration by including more and more analog functional blocks onto a single silicon CMOS chip. One of the final blocks that have yet to be successfully integrated is the power amplifier. The power amplifier is the final functional block in the transmit path and its function is to amplify the signal to be transmitted to the required transmit power level. In general, power amplifiers are difficult to integrate in CMOS because of technology limitations that severely limit the efficiency of the power amplifier. This thesis describes theoretical analysis and circuit techniques for the design and implementation of RF Class C power amplifier in CMOS technologies. There are very few methods exist for designing Class C power amplifier in the past, much of the design process has been empirical. The theoretical work in this thesis attempts to describe a method for designing a Class C power amplifier in CMOS without resorting to blind use of a circuit simulator. A 900MHz CMOS power amplifier was designed using Silterra 0.18µm RF MOSFET. This design is simulated using Cadence Design tool. In this simulation, the peak efficiency of the power amplifier was 37.7%. The power amplifier did meet the spectral mask requirements of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) cellular communications system for which it was designed. The power gain that had been achieved is 34.74 dB and meets the power amplifier specification for CDMA application.
Development of a pressure-based typing biometrics system for user authentication
(2005-03-01)
Loy, Chen Change
Password authentication is the most prevalently used identification system in today’s cyber world. In spite of the popularity of this approach there are many inherent flaws. The password plays the role as the key to a lock; anyone who has it can gain successful access. Additionally, passwords can be easily cracked, guessed, stolen or deliberately shared. To minimize the risk of intrusion, keystroke dynamics can be used to complement this popular authentication method. As the name implies, it is an automated biometric method that analyzes the way a person types on a keyboard. There have been a lot of studies on using keystroke timing characteristics to verify the identity of a user. In this project keystroke pressure (the amount of force exerted on each key pressed) was employed, and its performance was compared with that of the conventional keystroke timings-based technique. The project also investigated the use of combined keystroke pressure and latency for the identification process. In order to measure the forces exerted during typing, a pressure-sensitive keyboard system was developed. A user interface that simulates actual login environment was used to collect data from 100 users. All users were requested to enter the same password. Three different classification methods were applied, namely Logistic Regression (LR), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and Fuzzy ARTMAP (FAM) neural networks. The results were very encouraging, with a maximum accuracy rate of 93.9% achieved by using FAM. Keystroke latency gave better results than keystroke pressure, but using both techniques together yielded the best results, with False Acceptance Rate (FAR) of 0.87% and False Rejection Rate (FRR) of 4.4%. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed methods are promising, and that the keystroke pressure is a viable and practical way to add more security to conventional typing biometrics authentication system.

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