Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraaan Elektrik dan Elektronik - Monograf

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Pengelog data untuk multi-meter digital
(2004-03-01)
Lai, Thiam Hee
A normal multimeter is used to measure the voltage and current of certain circuits and also the resistance across certain lines. As the world of electronics evolves, multimeter evolved from analog to digital. But how to incoporate the data measured from a digital multimeter into a computer? The answer to the above question is the datalogger of the digital multimeter. The datalogger is connected into the digital multimeter so that the data measured can be stored into its memory. Before the era of datalogger, some latest digital multimeters have serial interface ready. By linking the interface to the computer, one can get the recording of oscilloscope for slow signals. On the downside, the computer has to be present at the measurement location, and left running all the time. Besides, the digital multimeter occupies the serial port during the entire measurement. These disadvantages certainly points to wastage of computer resources. The datalogger designed will be free of these disadvantages. It can automatically captures the discrete measurement values supplied by the digital multimeter and puts them into permanent storage. When the need arises, the contents of the datalogger will then be downloaded into computer for data manipulation.
Rekabentuk satu teknik tera air separa rapuh yang berasaskan ‘wavelet’ untuk kegunaan pengesahan imej
(2005-03-01)
Koh, Ling Hock
The enormous popularity of the World Wide Web in the early 1990's demonstrated the commercial potential of offering multimedia resources through the digital networks. Since commercial interests seek to use the digital networks to offer digital media for profit, they have a strong interest in protecting their ownership rights. Digital watermarking has been proposed as one way to accomplish this. Digital watermarking serves many purposes, such as intellectual property rights protection, content verification and information hiding. Since 1993, the research of digital watermarking for image content authentication has received more and more attentions. Image content authentication tries to embed information in order to identify and localize any malicious attacks on the image. In this dissertation, a wavelet-based semi-fragile watermarking technique for image content authentication is proposed, which is robust against content-preserving operations, while very fragile to content-changing processing. The image is first divided into equal-sized, non-overlapping blocks. Then, the average of pixel intensities is calculated for each of such blocks and embedded as a semi-fragile watermark back into the image for content protection. The experimental results clearly demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is able to detect malicious attacks on the image, secure and robust to common image processing operations.
Penyingkiran ammonia, cod, ferum dan zink dengan menggunakan kombinasi zeolit dan karbon teraktif
(2005-03-01)
Sudar, Terry Solle
Leachate is the waste water that discharged through the solid waste of the landfill. The leachates have a high composition of pollutants such as ammonium, chloride, sulphate, ferrum, cadmium, zinc, lead and also the high level of BOD and COD. Thus, the effective treatment procedure is being introduced to ensure the minimum effect of water pollution. This research discusses the results of removal of ammonium, COD, iron and zinc by using the combination of zeolite and activated carbon as the removal.The research is important to identify the suitable substances for pollutant removal of leachate. The main objective of this research is to obtain the level of effectiveness and the best combination for zeolite and activated carbon in the leachate treatment process. Meanwhile, this research also use to identify the size and the optimum quantity of both combination of these two substances in order to achieve the high level of effectiveness by referred to the producing adsorption isotherm of Freundlinch and Langmuir. Beside that, the result also showed the percentage of removal for COD, ammonium, ferum and zinc which is the combination of 0.3g zeolite and 0.1g activated carbon are the best combination to remove ammonia, COD and zinc with 60%, 57% and 55% of total percentage respectively. While the combination of 0.1g zeolite and 0.3g activated carbon is the best combination to remove iron with 70% of total percentage. The outcomes of this research are suitable for more commercial way of leachate treatment in the future because of it efficiency and the reduction of costs.
Data logging hardware systems
(2005-03-01)
Wan Salleh, Wan Mohd Shukri
Secara umumnya, Sistem Perolehan Data merupakan satu sistem peralatan elektronik yang dibina bertujuan untuk merekodkan data daripada persekitaran luar dalam jangka masa tertentu. Data yang direkod adalah ditentukan oleh pengguna, kebiasaannya merupakan parameter fizikal seperti suhu, kelembapan relatif, tekanan, voltan, aras air dan sebagainya. Kesemua data ini berkemungkinan terdiri daripada data analog atau digital, yang mana bergantung kepada jenis parameter tersebut. Sistem ini dibina bertujuan mencerap data-data yang berkaitan dengan pergerakan sebuah robot dalam air. Data tersebut ialah suhu persekitaran, arah kedudukan, sudut sendeng robot, tarikh dan waktu pencerapan data. Kesemua data ini dicerap dengan menggunakan pengesan masing-masing iaitu pengesan suhu LM35DZ, pengesan Memsic 2125 bagi mengesan sudut sendeng dan kompas pengesan arah elektro-mekanikal. Pengesan suhu LM35DZ memberikan keluaran dalam bentuk voltan analog kepada mikropengawal, manakala pengesan pecutan Memsic 2125 dan kompas pengesan arah elektro mekanikal memberikan keluaran dalam bentuk digital kepada mikropengawal.
Sistem pengawal motor tak lelurus
(2005-03-01)
Abd. Razak, Siti Nor Hajar
Generally, a motor operating system needs a good controller to ensure that the resulting rotating velocity output is the same as the expected output and always is a stable condition. PID controllers (Proportional, Integral and Derivative) are the benchmark for this system and are widely used in nowadays’ industries. Nevertheless, the PID controller can not give the desired rotating velocity and it is time-consuming to reach the steady-state condition if there is a load torque disturbance in the system. To overcome this problem, a nonlinear controller is introduced. The main objectives of this project are to design and build a controller with a nonlinear system, to maximize the efficiency of the angle velocity and also to improve the motor performance in term of time to reach the steady- state condition. The result for value rise time, r t is 0.1 second and sampling time, s t 1.4 second. This rise time and sampling time value is better than PID. The method used to design the non-linear controller is the feedback linearization method, from which it is divided into two parts, which are input-state linearization and input-output linearization. The project scopes are including of designing and analyzing the nonlinear controller for dc motor. All the simulation is done with the assistance of MATLAB software.
Optimum electrical capacitance tomography sensor for oil-height determination
(2005-03-01)
Hamzah, Muhamed Sufian
There are two types of tomography systems, medical tomography and process tomography. ECT is one of the branches of process tomography. ECT or Electrical Capacitance Tomography is one of the techniques to measure the internal spatial distribution of materials. This new and very detailed knowledge allows improved design of process equipment. ECT process is based on the electromagnet properties of components in the volume measurement. In this thesis, MATLAB is used to generate raw ECT dataset with using an ECT simulator. The variable value of an ECT design parameters affect the sensitivity of raw ECT dataset. In this project, the range of pipe thickness, R2 is uses 1.02 to 1.38 units and the range of electrode angle, θ is 5' to 24'. The mean of absolute error with comparison between oil height target and oil height ANN measurement is plot in two graphs, mean absolute error versus parameter R2 and mean absolute error versus parameter θ. The graphs show the changes in oil height estimation that occur when the ECT system parameters are changed.
Pengesanan cahaya menggunakan penglihatan mesin
(2005-03-01)
Haji Omar, Abd Moin
Lightning strike is one of the phenomenons that can cause damage of properties, badly injury, and also the death. Cause of that, all the buildings which have more than 3 floors, must equip with the lightning conductor. For this project, one investigation have made to the area of Sport Centre of University Science Malaysia, Engineering Campus which doesn’t have the lightning protector. From that investigation, football field 1, football field 2 and rugby field have a high risk of lightning strike. In addition, these fields always full with the student everyday and definitely it is so dangerous. In this project, I have designed the lightning protection system which will protect the people who play at the fields of Sport Center. This system is divided by two sections. First section will responsible to protect the goal side. It is designed with 20 m high of iron net along the field wide. The second section will protect the center of the field. It has 20 meter high of two flag-poles at each side of field. Those flag poles and the iron net are equipped with the earth system for the over-current when the lightning strike occurs. From this project, the risk of lightning strike to people is less and safe for people to play at any time and any weather.
Study of code division multiple access (cdma) technique for mobile communication systems
(2005-03-01)
Sainel, Sairee
This report presents details study of CDMA technique for mobile communication systems. The objective of this project is to understand the spread spectrum techniques including DS-CDMA and also to explain IS-95A system. The test results for simulation on the IS-95A Reverse traffic channel are included to evaluate the performance of the channel under various traffic conditions. Various conditions are applied to the system to decide on the best performance. The performance of the channel was measured in terms of BER. Reasonable Doppler shift frequency is determined. It is found that performance of the system vary with the reduced of data rate. Amount of AWGN added to the signal represents the interference generated by other base station nearer. Therefore changes of SNR in the AWGN Channel provoke the system performance. The detection performance improves with an increase in the SNR.
Integrasi rekabentuk untuk pemasangan (dfa) dan rekabentuk untuk pemodularan (dfmo) untuk meningkatkan prestasi produk
(2005-03-01)
Mohd Marzuki, Saiful Nizam
Design for Assembly (DFA) and Design for Modularity (DFMo) two of the methods used in manufacturing industry to enhance performance of product. Generally, the concepts of Design for Assembly (DFA) is to reduce number of parts in order to reduce product complexity, while Design for Modularity (DFMo) is try to reduce parts complexity by increasing number of parts. This project is required to study the basic concept for Design for Assembly (DFA) and Design for Modularity (DFMo) and combine these two approaches to enhance product performance by reducing parts complexity and at the same time reducing number of parts. For case study, two different types of sockets that used; existing socket and modular socket from the previous project. Using Moldflow analysis software, these sockets were analyzed and the result will compare for certain parameter such as filling time, pressure distribution, suitable location for injection gate, quality prediction and so on. From this analysis, show that the modular socket is better than existing socket in filling time and other parameter.
Indeks barah payudara menggunakan rangkaian neural hmlp
(2005-03-01)
Syed Radzuan, Syed Firdaus
Breast cancer is one of the major disease that contribute death among women around the globe nowadays. To solve this matter, breast cancer index is introduced. This software calculate the probability of someone being affected by breast cancer. Hybrid multilayered perceptron (HMLP) neural network is used to diagnosed and checked the data got from researchers. Besides that, by combining HMLP together with modified recursive prediction error (MRPE), this network will choose the optimum weight to get precise calculation and near to the real value. HMLP network is used because of its high confidence percentage and high accuracy if compared to other neural network. On top of that, this network is still new and the latest in neural network world. All the algorithms are programmed using Borland C++ Builder software. This software is an interface for the user who wishes to use this breast cancer software.
Design of efficient baseline coders for image compression
(2005-03-01)
Tharmalingam, Vicknatheeban
Image compression is the process of reducing the number of bits required to represent an image. This can be achieved by reducing (or ideally, eliminating) various types of redundancy that exist in the imaging data. This research develops various types of down-sampling filters to compress the image and followed by up-sampling filters to decompress the image. The concept used to down-sample is by deleting either the odd or even numbered columns or rows. Besides that, the columns and rows are also deleted in two’s to further compress the image. The image is then up-sampled by using duplication or replacing the deleted row or columns with the average of other rows or columns. The compression ratio achieved through this research is 50% and 67%. The images are then compared by the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio and through observation to decide on the best type of filter. Through the research and results, it is proved that the filter that up-samples the image by replacing the deleted rows with the average of the two subsequent even numbered row has the best output.
Active and passive fet mixer
(2005-03-01)
Mustapa, Muzalifah
To accomplish the project for in designing an active mixer and passive mixer, the main problem is to obtain the conversion gain for the active mixer design compared to passive mixer design. From the linearity issue, active mixer design is nonlinear compared to passive mixer design that is more linear. Besides that, the active mixer has better isolation compared to the passive mixer. This project will be created by applying the circuit design into simulation from HP-ADS (Advanced design system) to the circuit board that is appropriate and and analyzation will be made for both designs. The results at the conversion gain, linearity issue, and port-to-port isolation will be compared for both of the design and will be discussed according to the theory. Additionally, all problem that may occur from the design and analyzation will be considered and the inaccurate result from measurement will be discussed. The mixer will be designed in down conversion system. This circuit is designed by using the hardwares and the surface mount chip elements that are in effective cost and applicable with the practical usage. Therefore, the design of mixer and the analyzation can be make without any intricacy. Hopefully the design of the active mixer and passive mixer using FET transistor can be continued and improved for the usage in variety of application in the future.
Sistem pengecaman bentuk berdasarkan fpga
(2005-03-01)
Zainal Ariffin, Nur Bayani
Pattern recognition is an important part to human being daily life, because we always recognize the patterns in all aspects our works. Pattern recognition means that the definition, identification and the classification by deciding the characteristics of that pattern which is need to be known. It is always can be an application to whatever course and now have been used widely among the people. Hence, a pattern recognition system by an array of chemical sensor application will be developing based on FPGA. It is purposely to develop hardware for that application. Beside that, an algorithm also will be used to implement this system. Fuzzy Inferences System has been chosen as the method for designing the system. This method will be implementing to the system since it is a popular way to represent pattern recognition system. There are 3 main processes that have to be done by this method, they are fuzzification, rules inferences engine and defuzzification. The Xilinx Foundation 2.1 Series based on FPGA is the methodology for development this system.
An analysis of two dimensionality reduction techniques on the performance of neural network classifiers
(2005-03-01)
Ong, Siok Lan
This project involves an analysis of the effectiveness of two dimensionality reduction techniques, i.e., Principal Component Analysis as the standard approach and Random Projection as a recent technique. The study is based on the performance of two supervised neural network classifiers i.e., Standard Backpropagation and Fuzzy ARTMAP. A set of benchmark and real medical databases are used to evaluate the performance of the neural network models. The performance indicators used are percentage of correct classification, purity, and collective entropy. The Student’s two-tailed paired t-test is used to compare the significance of differences of the results. Based on the estimated 95% confidence intervals, a strong decision which eventually leads to a convincing conclusion on the performance of the dimensionality reduction techniques can be obtained. The perceived experimental results especially from the real medical data sets are encouraging enough to prove that Random Projection exhibits good performance as a dimensionality reduction technique. Surprisingly, Random Projection is effective on low dimensional data, and the outcomes are as good as Principal Component Analysis. A discussion on generalization of the results obtained is included, and a conclusion ensues. Recommendations are also included for further improvements and enhancements in the analysis of dimensionality reduction techniques.
Design of a 200watts, 12volts output voltage buck-boost dc-dc converter for photovaltaic application
(2005-03-01)
Lau, Phooi San
Solar energy becomes a very important source of power energy as the other power sources especially petroleum is decreasing. This brings to development of photovoltaic applications. To widen the usage of photovoltaic application, buckboost converter is an important device to stabilize performance of photovoltaic application that is depends on intensity of the sunshine. A buck-boost converter with 200W and 12V DC output voltage has been designed in this project to help in mentioned problem. This project included design of buck-boost converter, simulation of the circuit and building of hardware. SG 3524 is selected as the SMPS controller for the buck-boost converter. To generate square-wave from SG 3524, simple control circuit had to be designed and connected to the chip. Two types of switch, which are MOSFET and BJT, have been used to decide the most suitable configuration to drive a buck-boost converter. From experiments, PNP BJT is chosen as switch and drives the converter successfully. The output meets expected 12V DC output from varying input between 6V and 20V. Efficiency of this converter is varying between 91% and 47% depends on the varying input voltage. With this buck-boost converter, the input voltage can be stabilized at level 12V by controlled of duty cycle of switching waveform.
Pemodelan sistem pintar untuk menentukan nilai pecahan minyak
(2005-03-01)
Mohamood, Nadzrie
The project title is modeling of an intelligent system for oil-fraction determination. The purpose of this project is to determine the fractions of oils in a pipeline containing two components, which are oil and gas. There are many types of flow regimes that could form in a pipeline such as stratified, core, annular, bubble, and homogenous flows. In this project all flow regimes need to be created by way of geometrical segments using program and will be fed into the Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) simulator to get a set of ECT data which is represented in the form of independent capacitance measurements. This project uses an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to solve the problem of oil-fraction determination. The entire work of this project realizes Matlab version 6.5.1 software. This project does not go through the image reconstruction stage to determine the oil-fraction. All those data from the ECT simulator will be divided into 3 categories to be used in learning process of ANN. 40% of the data are used for training, 20% for validation, and the remaining 40% for testing data. Each data division is done randomly. The ANN architecture used is Radial Basis Function (RBF). The RBF will be trained with the training data chosen before regarding to the various probability of fraction of oil in a vessel. The output is a value between 0 and 1, corresponding to the fraction of oil in a pipe cross section.
Design of up-conversion mixer front end transmitter for cdma application at 900mhz using cmos technology
(2005-03-01)
Tan, Wee Chuan
This report included design, and simulation results of up conversion mixer that operate at LO frequency 798 MHz. System and circuit design had been carried out with the aid of software program Cadence. Two steps up conversion mixer is a type of mixer that combines a single side band mixer and a double side balanced mixer to perform two steps up conversion process. First part of mixer will convert IF input signal at 40 MHz to 572 MHz by multiplication with LO signal at 532 MHz. The output of mixer part one consists 2 spectrum frequency at 572 MHz and 492 MHz. A Band pass filter is needed to filter the spectrum on 492MHz, the output signal after filtering process by band pass filter is at 572MHz. The output signal will become the input signal for mixer second part. Second part of mixerwill convert the input signal at 572MHz to 838MHz by multiplication with another LO signal at 266MHz. The detail circuits design is discussed in chapter 5 and performance for each part of the mixer system are tested and measured in cadence. The results are listed in Chapter 6.
Rekabentuk pengelog data untuk solar panel
(2005-03-01)
Mohd Johari, Mohd Ridzuan
This report discusses a data logger design using a microcontroller that had been tested for measurement, storage and data analysis purpose. PIC16C73 microcontroller is combined with other chips to show a typical format for interface. Data input included measurement and recorded voltage, current and solar module power. This report discusses about theory and real application of data logger. Voltage divider concept is used to measure the output of solar module. This report also discusses about basic of data logger and it architecture such as measuring circuit, logger circuit and reader circuit. Data logger operation and its programming are discussed in this report. Indirectly this project contains two main elements hardware and software development.
Low noise active integrated antenna (lnaia)
(2005-03-01)
Mohd Mahadzir, Mohd Mustami
Nowadays, the developments of wireless communication fields are widely used. One of them is the usage of the antennas in data transmission between the receive antenna and the transmit antenna. Active Integrated Antenna (AIA) is a new technology that integrates the passive antenna element with active device in a single substrate. In this project, an inset feed microstrip patch antenna is integrated with a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) to produce an AIA system. The purpose of this project is to investigate in terms of active and passive performance of the antenna. Indeed, this microstrip patch antennas are known to be easy to be integrated with active devices. This microstrip patch antennas will directly be integrated to the transistor, producing gains and low noise. Commonly, antennas that have been designed are not integrated directly to the active devices, causing high noise but with the AIA approach it could reduce the losses. This Low Noise Active Integrated Antenna (LNAIA) is resonated at 2 GHz that used transmission line feeding method with impedance matching at 50 ohm. The matching technique is important in designing the LNA. Besides that, this AIA’s have many advantages such as less cost, smaller size and good for radiation characteristic for microwave wireless communications.
Theory and application of magneto-optic techniques in the non contact measurement of current
(2005-03-01)
Munusamy, Narayanan
Although the use of semiconductor magnetic sensors and fiber optical devices for making quantitative industrial controls, navigation systems, medical imaging and land mine detection have been long established. There exists a body of other measurement capabilities for such devices, which have gone generally unnoticed. These involve measurement of current, charge carrier, magnetic flux, voltage and power which may be generally referred to as electrical quantities. The semiconductor magnetic sensors used to detect changes in current as big as 10.0A and on the other hand, the photo detector used to detects changes in light due to the variation of current as small as 1.0mA. Because of the measurement occurs contact less and a high temporal resolution is achievable, this sensor and optical techniques can open up a new perspectives in the field of real-time production metrology, for example controlling DC motor or a chemical process with saves in consuming time, manpower and money.

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