Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraaan Elektrik dan Elektronik - Monograf

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Pengelog data untuk multi-meter digital
(2004-03-01)
Lai, Thiam Hee
A normal multimeter is used to measure the voltage and current of certain circuits and also the resistance across certain lines. As the world of electronics evolves, multimeter evolved from analog to digital. But how to incoporate the data measured from a digital multimeter into a computer? The answer to the above question is the datalogger of the digital multimeter. The datalogger is connected into the digital multimeter so that the data measured can be stored into its memory. Before the era of datalogger, some latest digital multimeters have serial interface ready. By linking the interface to the computer, one can get the recording of oscilloscope for slow signals. On the downside, the computer has to be present at the measurement location, and left running all the time. Besides, the digital multimeter occupies the serial port during the entire measurement. These disadvantages certainly points to wastage of computer resources. The datalogger designed will be free of these disadvantages. It can automatically captures the discrete measurement values supplied by the digital multimeter and puts them into permanent storage. When the need arises, the contents of the datalogger will then be downloaded into computer for data manipulation.
Mengecam dan membezakan tahap kematangan buah pisang menggunakan antena hon, pemuat dan rangkaian neural
(2005-03-01)
Mohd Jadi, Noorasimah
Antenna, capacitor and neural network can be used to classify and differentiate the maturity level of fruits. In accomplishing this project, there are two pyramidal horn antennas, one acts as a transmitter and the other acts as a receiver. The transmitter is connected to a signal generator while the receiver is connected to a spectrum analyzer as it will measure the microwave propagation towards the material that was tested which is a banana. At the same time the value of the capacitance of the banana is measured by using two parallel plates where the banana acts as dielectric. Then these two plates were connected to a RCL meter which is used to measure the banana capacitance of each maturity level. Lastly both data that were collected are used to train the neural network in classifying and differentiate the maturity level of the banana. Multilayer Perceptron is chosen as the type of neural network that was used in this project. MATLAB is another tool that will be used to train the neural network until the network to differentiate the fruit maturity level.
Design of a teaching kit for speed and position control of dc motor
(2005-03-01)
Gunasekaran, Pramila
Direct-current (DC) motors are the first type of motor built and still being used widely. Although, DC motor is more expensive compare to other motors, it is suitable for certain type of control system compare to other motors. The greatest advantage of DC motors is speed control and position control. Basically, these projects are divided into two parts: hardware implementation and software implementation. The hardware implementation is where signal applied will control speed and position by PID controller and the output will be displayed in the digital oscilloscope. This project also requires software implementations to display output signal in the computer panel which involves two microcontroller program. The microcontroller then programmed as an ADC converter and as serial data transmitter, also including Borland C++ Builder to plot a graph of the output signal taken.
Load flow using newton raphson method
(2005-03-01)
Wahid, Mohd Akhmal
The model of the electric power system that is used in a power flow analysis consist of all the busses in the system, the generating units and load elements connected to these various buses, and the transmission lines that interconnected the buses. The information furnished by a power flow analysis is quite simply the voltage profile of the system. In other words, the important result of the analysis is the determination of the voltage magnitude and its associated phase angle at each bus. Of course, once this information is known, it is a routine matter to determine the currents in each transmission link, and accordingly, the real and reactive power flows. Conclusions regarding overloads on any of the system components are obtained at this point in the study. They are necessary for planning operation, economic scheduling and exchange of power between utilities. In addition, power flow analysis is required for many other analyses such as transient stability and contingency studies. The most common techniques used for the iterative solution of nonlinear algebraic equations are Gauss-Seidel, Newton –Raphson, and Quasi-Newton methods. Because of its quadratic convergence, Newton’s method is mathematically superior to the Gauss-Seidel method and is less prone to divergence with ill-conditioned problems. For large power systems, the Newton- Raphson method is found to be more efficient and practical. The number of iterations required to obtain the solution is independent of the system size, but more functional evaluations are required at each iteration. This project presents Newton-Raphson method for conducting load flow. A practical IEEE-5 bus system is considered for illustrator. A software in MATLAB is written and load flow is simulated. The results are compared with the programs written by Hadi Saadat and presented in the Chapter 4.
Low noise active integrated antenna (lnaia)
(2005-03-01)
Mohd Mahadzir, Mohd Mustami
Nowadays, the developments of wireless communication fields are widely used. One of them is the usage of the antennas in data transmission between the receive antenna and the transmit antenna. Active Integrated Antenna (AIA) is a new technology that integrates the passive antenna element with active device in a single substrate. In this project, an inset feed microstrip patch antenna is integrated with a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) to produce an AIA system. The purpose of this project is to investigate in terms of active and passive performance of the antenna. Indeed, this microstrip patch antennas are known to be easy to be integrated with active devices. This microstrip patch antennas will directly be integrated to the transistor, producing gains and low noise. Commonly, antennas that have been designed are not integrated directly to the active devices, causing high noise but with the AIA approach it could reduce the losses. This Low Noise Active Integrated Antenna (LNAIA) is resonated at 2 GHz that used transmission line feeding method with impedance matching at 50 ohm. The matching technique is important in designing the LNA. Besides that, this AIA’s have many advantages such as less cost, smaller size and good for radiation characteristic for microwave wireless communications.
Pengesanan cahaya menggunakan penglihatan mesin
(2005-03-01)
Haji Omar, Abd Moin
Lightning strike is one of the phenomenons that can cause damage of properties, badly injury, and also the death. Cause of that, all the buildings which have more than 3 floors, must equip with the lightning conductor. For this project, one investigation have made to the area of Sport Centre of University Science Malaysia, Engineering Campus which doesn’t have the lightning protector. From that investigation, football field 1, football field 2 and rugby field have a high risk of lightning strike. In addition, these fields always full with the student everyday and definitely it is so dangerous. In this project, I have designed the lightning protection system which will protect the people who play at the fields of Sport Center. This system is divided by two sections. First section will responsible to protect the goal side. It is designed with 20 m high of iron net along the field wide. The second section will protect the center of the field. It has 20 meter high of two flag-poles at each side of field. Those flag poles and the iron net are equipped with the earth system for the over-current when the lightning strike occurs. From this project, the risk of lightning strike to people is less and safe for people to play at any time and any weather.
Sistem pengawal motor tak lelurus
(2005-03-01)
Abd. Razak, Siti Nor Hajar
Generally, a motor operating system needs a good controller to ensure that the resulting rotating velocity output is the same as the expected output and always is a stable condition. PID controllers (Proportional, Integral and Derivative) are the benchmark for this system and are widely used in nowadays’ industries. Nevertheless, the PID controller can not give the desired rotating velocity and it is time-consuming to reach the steady-state condition if there is a load torque disturbance in the system. To overcome this problem, a nonlinear controller is introduced. The main objectives of this project are to design and build a controller with a nonlinear system, to maximize the efficiency of the angle velocity and also to improve the motor performance in term of time to reach the steady- state condition. The result for value rise time, r t is 0.1 second and sampling time, s t 1.4 second. This rise time and sampling time value is better than PID. The method used to design the non-linear controller is the feedback linearization method, from which it is divided into two parts, which are input-state linearization and input-output linearization. The project scopes are including of designing and analyzing the nonlinear controller for dc motor. All the simulation is done with the assistance of MATLAB software.
Optimum electrical capacitance tomography sensor for oil-height determination
(2005-03-01)
Hamzah, Muhamed Sufian
There are two types of tomography systems, medical tomography and process tomography. ECT is one of the branches of process tomography. ECT or Electrical Capacitance Tomography is one of the techniques to measure the internal spatial distribution of materials. This new and very detailed knowledge allows improved design of process equipment. ECT process is based on the electromagnet properties of components in the volume measurement. In this thesis, MATLAB is used to generate raw ECT dataset with using an ECT simulator. The variable value of an ECT design parameters affect the sensitivity of raw ECT dataset. In this project, the range of pipe thickness, R2 is uses 1.02 to 1.38 units and the range of electrode angle, θ is 5' to 24'. The mean of absolute error with comparison between oil height target and oil height ANN measurement is plot in two graphs, mean absolute error versus parameter R2 and mean absolute error versus parameter θ. The graphs show the changes in oil height estimation that occur when the ECT system parameters are changed.
An analysis of two dimensionality reduction techniques on the performance of neural network classifiers
(2005-03-01)
Ong, Siok Lan
This project involves an analysis of the effectiveness of two dimensionality reduction techniques, i.e., Principal Component Analysis as the standard approach and Random Projection as a recent technique. The study is based on the performance of two supervised neural network classifiers i.e., Standard Backpropagation and Fuzzy ARTMAP. A set of benchmark and real medical databases are used to evaluate the performance of the neural network models. The performance indicators used are percentage of correct classification, purity, and collective entropy. The Student’s two-tailed paired t-test is used to compare the significance of differences of the results. Based on the estimated 95% confidence intervals, a strong decision which eventually leads to a convincing conclusion on the performance of the dimensionality reduction techniques can be obtained. The perceived experimental results especially from the real medical data sets are encouraging enough to prove that Random Projection exhibits good performance as a dimensionality reduction technique. Surprisingly, Random Projection is effective on low dimensional data, and the outcomes are as good as Principal Component Analysis. A discussion on generalization of the results obtained is included, and a conclusion ensues. Recommendations are also included for further improvements and enhancements in the analysis of dimensionality reduction techniques.
Design of a 200watts, 12volts output voltage buck-boost dc-dc converter for photovaltaic application
(2005-03-01)
Lau, Phooi San
Solar energy becomes a very important source of power energy as the other power sources especially petroleum is decreasing. This brings to development of photovoltaic applications. To widen the usage of photovoltaic application, buckboost converter is an important device to stabilize performance of photovoltaic application that is depends on intensity of the sunshine. A buck-boost converter with 200W and 12V DC output voltage has been designed in this project to help in mentioned problem. This project included design of buck-boost converter, simulation of the circuit and building of hardware. SG 3524 is selected as the SMPS controller for the buck-boost converter. To generate square-wave from SG 3524, simple control circuit had to be designed and connected to the chip. Two types of switch, which are MOSFET and BJT, have been used to decide the most suitable configuration to drive a buck-boost converter. From experiments, PNP BJT is chosen as switch and drives the converter successfully. The output meets expected 12V DC output from varying input between 6V and 20V. Efficiency of this converter is varying between 91% and 47% depends on the varying input voltage. With this buck-boost converter, the input voltage can be stabilized at level 12V by controlled of duty cycle of switching waveform.
Design implemetation and study of a code (dpc) modulator and de-modulator using matlab and simulink
(2005-03-01)
Karuppayah, Nitiabalan
This thesis presents a detailed study of linear Pulse Code Modulation and also Differential Pulse Code Modulation using SIMULINK. Theoretical coding concepts are discussed extensively, each providing examples to accommodate better understanding of both PCM and DPCM concept. Non-linear PCM and DPCM cases are not discussed in this thesis. Basic introduction for the proposed systems are explained together with introduction to SIMULINK program. A step-by-step explanation of each stage is provided, along with accompanying visual parameter fields in the APPENDIX section. Two types of test input signals are given to both constructed models; namely, a sine wave of 100 radians/second and a simple ramp function. Each stage of the blocks operations are studied in detail and the outputs are presented in graphical waveforms. Signal-toQuantization Noise ratio is calculated for each system and compared. Arising problems, such as the need of amplitude equalization, during the implementation of these circuits are also mentioned, along with steps to overcome the mentioned irregularities and redundant results. Two types of tests can be done to reach the final conclusion; the first, an objective test, where SNR are calculated and graphical results are produced. The second test is a subjective test, where Mean Opinion Score (MOS) is obtained to verify whether the speech coding encoded is discernable to a human ear and determining the quality of the output. Differences between PCM and DPCM are stated based on the results obtained from the simulation of both systems; namely, in terms of bandwidth requirements, quantization noise, coding, simplicity of the implemented circuit, and also the quality of the output obtained.
Design of efficient baseline coders for image compression
(2005-03-01)
Tharmalingam, Vicknatheeban
Image compression is the process of reducing the number of bits required to represent an image. This can be achieved by reducing (or ideally, eliminating) various types of redundancy that exist in the imaging data. This research develops various types of down-sampling filters to compress the image and followed by up-sampling filters to decompress the image. The concept used to down-sample is by deleting either the odd or even numbered columns or rows. Besides that, the columns and rows are also deleted in two’s to further compress the image. The image is then up-sampled by using duplication or replacing the deleted row or columns with the average of other rows or columns. The compression ratio achieved through this research is 50% and 67%. The images are then compared by the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio and through observation to decide on the best type of filter. Through the research and results, it is proved that the filter that up-samples the image by replacing the deleted rows with the average of the two subsequent even numbered row has the best output.
Design of power amplifier (pa) front-end transmitter for cdma application at 900mhz using 0.18 micron cmos technology
(2005-03-01)
Zahari, Muhamad Iskandar
Recent efforts in the design of integrated circuits for RF communication transceivers have focused on achieving higher levels of integration by including more and more analog functional blocks onto a single silicon CMOS chip. One of the final blocks that have yet to be successfully integrated is the power amplifier. The power amplifier is the final functional block in the transmit path and its function is to amplify the signal to be transmitted to the required transmit power level. In general, power amplifiers are difficult to integrate in CMOS because of technology limitations that severely limit the efficiency of the power amplifier. This thesis describes theoretical analysis and circuit techniques for the design and implementation of RF Class C power amplifier in CMOS technologies. There are very few methods exist for designing Class C power amplifier in the past, much of the design process has been empirical. The theoretical work in this thesis attempts to describe a method for designing a Class C power amplifier in CMOS without resorting to blind use of a circuit simulator. A 900MHz CMOS power amplifier was designed using Silterra 0.18µm RF MOSFET. This design is simulated using Cadence Design tool. In this simulation, the peak efficiency of the power amplifier was 37.7%. The power amplifier did meet the spectral mask requirements of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) cellular communications system for which it was designed. The power gain that had been achieved is 34.74 dB and meets the power amplifier specification for CDMA application.
Development of a pressure-based typing biometrics system for user authentication
(2005-03-01)
Loy, Chen Change
Password authentication is the most prevalently used identification system in today’s cyber world. In spite of the popularity of this approach there are many inherent flaws. The password plays the role as the key to a lock; anyone who has it can gain successful access. Additionally, passwords can be easily cracked, guessed, stolen or deliberately shared. To minimize the risk of intrusion, keystroke dynamics can be used to complement this popular authentication method. As the name implies, it is an automated biometric method that analyzes the way a person types on a keyboard. There have been a lot of studies on using keystroke timing characteristics to verify the identity of a user. In this project keystroke pressure (the amount of force exerted on each key pressed) was employed, and its performance was compared with that of the conventional keystroke timings-based technique. The project also investigated the use of combined keystroke pressure and latency for the identification process. In order to measure the forces exerted during typing, a pressure-sensitive keyboard system was developed. A user interface that simulates actual login environment was used to collect data from 100 users. All users were requested to enter the same password. Three different classification methods were applied, namely Logistic Regression (LR), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and Fuzzy ARTMAP (FAM) neural networks. The results were very encouraging, with a maximum accuracy rate of 93.9% achieved by using FAM. Keystroke latency gave better results than keystroke pressure, but using both techniques together yielded the best results, with False Acceptance Rate (FAR) of 0.87% and False Rejection Rate (FRR) of 4.4%. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed methods are promising, and that the keystroke pressure is a viable and practical way to add more security to conventional typing biometrics authentication system.
Development of web-based e-learning on design of experiment technique; case of randomized complete block design (rcbd)
(2005-03-01)
Muhd. Nordin, Nor Ilyana
In research and development, often half of the resources are spent on solving optimization problems. With the rapidly rising costs of making experiments, it is essential that the optimization is done with as few experiments as possible. This is one important reason why Design of Experiments (DOE) is needed. In certain field there are circumstances in which the experimenter would like to screen factors to decide which are the most important. In these situations the engineering model of DOE is useful. These all signify the importance of DOE. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and Latin Square Design are DOE blocking techniques. This project has a vision of educating its viewer through a different environment of learning the subject of RCBD and Latin Square Design. Materials are explored from various resources that can be found in books and in the internet just to ensure the webpage provide sufficient and refer to reliable information. It proved that the materials included in the webpage combines all resources so that the webpage is ensured to cover entire concept behind both topics. With interactive links to relate one slide to the other, viewers are directed clearly from one page to the other until they have covered the whole topics in RCBD and Latin Square Design that stated in the research scope. Besides, there are also sections to test the understanding of the viewer that are named after “Do It Yourself”. In this section, complete solutions are provided for each problem, so that the viewer can check their solution with the solutions provided in the webpage. Other than learning, there are also slides provided for relaxations that are named after “Take 5”. These slides provide refreshment for viewers because its contents can lighten up their mind. Moreover, the overall structure of the webpage is well organized and viewers are ensured not to getting lost while surfing the webpage. The whole webpage design, development and its content are arranged in a way that is hoped to facilitate and add up to viewers’ awareness of the concept behind the application of RCBD and Latin Square Design. Above all, the webpage is expected to give new and clear lessons for those who are not familiar with the subject and also add up to current knowledge of the subject for those who familiar with the subject. It is also hoped that the webpage can be recommended as one of the useful resources for RCBD and Latin Square Design.
Rekabentuk penguat hingar rendah (lna) cmos beraruhan merosot bebezaan penuh untuk penerima wcdma
(2005-03-01)
Law, Eng Hui
A 2.1 GHz low noise amplifier (LNA), intended for use in a Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) receiver has been implemented in 0.18μm RF process. The amplifier provides a forward gain (S21) of 11.42dB with a noise figure of only 1.7dB and drawing 12.66mA from a 1.8V supply voltage. The 1dB-compression point of the LNA is -9.82dB. In this thesis, detailed analysis of the LNA architecture will be presented. The LNA employed an inductive source degeneration topology, that is, a degenerative inductor is used to provide 50Ω input impedance matching. An advantage of this method is that unlike other methods, it does not bring with it the thermal noise of an ordinary resistor because a pure reactance is noiseless. This LNA uses differential architecture rather than single-ended architecture to provide better common-mode rejection ratio. The main problem faced in the project was to obtain a 50Ω input and output impedance while maintaining the gain to be in the range of 10dB to 15dB. This gain specification is to ensure that the LNA provide enough gain but not too high as to avoid nonlinearity that can cause distortion. LNA should not consume too much power to have good portability. Finally, the performance of the designed low noise amplifier meets all of the specification.
Sistem pemprosesan imej perubatan
(2005-03-01)
Khalid, Rohaida
Breast cancer is one of the main causes to women death nowadays. Medical specialist uses mammogram and ultrasound screening to detect and identifying the breast tumour. Cervical cancer is second causes to women death. Pap test is used to detect the biological changes of cervical cell. However, sometime medical specialist faces difficulties in analyzing the mammogram, ultrasound and Pap smear images. Medical images, which are analyzed by Radiologist and Patalogist are normally affected by unwanted noise and blur such as blood and sometimes the images are too dark or too bright. These factors contribute to error diagnosis or screening. Therefore, project proposes “Medical Images Processing System” using Borland C++ Builder version 6 to increase the problems. This user-friendly system is developed to improve the weaknessess which occur during the medical images processing. Image processing techniques such as filtering are provided in the system, contrast enhancement, boundary segmentation and edge detection. The results show that the proposed succesfully improved the tumour contrast, segmented the tumour, detected the tumour edges and reduce unwanted noise of the medical images.
A stepper motor design optimization using
(2005-03-01)
A stepper motor design optimization using
In this project, the design optimization of a stepper motor is presented. In general, the area of study can be divided into motor principles and construction, design methods, and digital control experiments. Theory is taught in classroom lectures, whereas control methods are learned primarily in laboratory situations. Instruction on motor design, however, is usually limited to the study of motor construction, with practically no laboratory time spent on the actual fabrication of motors. The production process, including material processing and winding, would take up too much time and expense. There is a need to fill this void in the area of small-motor design, and develop a program using Genetic Algorithms (GAs) as an approach to achieve optimization. The aim of optimum design in this project is to minimize the volume, weight and cost of stepper motor while keeping constraint variable at the desired value. In order to achieve the optimum design, Genetic Algorithms (GAs) approach has been applied. GAs approach is selected because it is a powerful and broadly applicable stochastic search and optimization techniques that works for many problems that are very difficult to solve by conventional methods. The design optimization procedure of a stepper motor is described in this project. A C++ program has been successfully developed based on the GAs by using the GAs library. This GAs library is a C++ library that contains tools and built-in components for using GAs to minimize the fitness function. In this project, the program that has been developed is run to get the optimization result with Microsoft Visual C++. In order to obtain better results from the program, some of the parameters have to be changed. These include GA parameter that is number of generation and size of population and penalty factor. From the result, it is shown that the objective function is achieved while keeping other constraint function at desired value. This project and successful results have proved the suitability of GA for design optimization of electrical equipment. It is shown that GA can be used to solve complex problems within a short period.
Pengaruh arus harmonik terhadap pembacaan meter kwh analog
(2005-03-01)
Koay, Boon Kit
This final year project deals with effect of harmonic current on reading of analogue kWh meter. In the project, derivation of complex mathematic equation is not included but analysis is made based on the experimental results. A rectifier (which has adjustable capacitor and adjustable resistor connected in parallel as the load) is connected with kWh meter. The meter is then connected with pure sinusoidal voltage source, 50Hz, 240V. The rectifier represents the non-linear loads we use in daily life. When changing the resistance and the capacitance of the loads, the magnitude of the current and the value of total harmonic distortion will change as well. In the situation where the RMS current is not being changed, the change of active power when total harmonic distortion is increased is being compared. The active power refers to that of theoretical active power and that of sensed by the kWh meter. Besides that, the error percentage of kWh meter reading when total harmonic distortion is increased is studied too. In this project, voltage source is assumed not polluted with harmonic content.
Teaching stethoscope
(2005-03-01)
Palaniappan, Sivakumar
Teaching Stethoscope is one of the latest biomedical gadgets which have been constructed in this project. This project is implemented by constructing hardware and software design. Basically, this project is divided into three categories which are signal amplification, wireless transmission and computer display. The components that involve in constructing hardware are stethoscope, microphone, instrumentation amplifier, buffer, integrator, low pass filter, audio amplifier and speaker. This part is the heart of the project whereby the signal will be captured through microphone and amplified with the instrumentation amplifier. It will be then filtered by an integrator and low-pass circuit below 200 Hz to reduce the noise. There will be two approaches of displaying the signal in the computer which is MATLAB and Microcontroller 89C51. This analog signal will be converted to digital signal by ADC before it is sent to the microcontroller. By using microcontroller 89C51 as data connection heart pulse are shown in LABVIEW software. The second option will be connecting the hardware to computer through microphone jack and display it through MATLAB in a pulse form. Wireless transmission involves the implementation of FM transmitter and FM receiver. Finally, output signal from the FM receiver will be amplified by using audio amplifier to be heard through the speaker.

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