Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraaan Elektrik dan Elektronik - Monograf

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Pengelog data untuk multi-meter digital
(2004-03-01)
Lai, Thiam Hee
A normal multimeter is used to measure the voltage and current of certain circuits and also the resistance across certain lines. As the world of electronics evolves, multimeter evolved from analog to digital. But how to incoporate the data measured from a digital multimeter into a computer? The answer to the above question is the datalogger of the digital multimeter. The datalogger is connected into the digital multimeter so that the data measured can be stored into its memory. Before the era of datalogger, some latest digital multimeters have serial interface ready. By linking the interface to the computer, one can get the recording of oscilloscope for slow signals. On the downside, the computer has to be present at the measurement location, and left running all the time. Besides, the digital multimeter occupies the serial port during the entire measurement. These disadvantages certainly points to wastage of computer resources. The datalogger designed will be free of these disadvantages. It can automatically captures the discrete measurement values supplied by the digital multimeter and puts them into permanent storage. When the need arises, the contents of the datalogger will then be downloaded into computer for data manipulation.
A stepper motor design optimization using
(2005-03-01)
A stepper motor design optimization using
In this project, the design optimization of a stepper motor is presented. In general, the area of study can be divided into motor principles and construction, design methods, and digital control experiments. Theory is taught in classroom lectures, whereas control methods are learned primarily in laboratory situations. Instruction on motor design, however, is usually limited to the study of motor construction, with practically no laboratory time spent on the actual fabrication of motors. The production process, including material processing and winding, would take up too much time and expense. There is a need to fill this void in the area of small-motor design, and develop a program using Genetic Algorithms (GAs) as an approach to achieve optimization. The aim of optimum design in this project is to minimize the volume, weight and cost of stepper motor while keeping constraint variable at the desired value. In order to achieve the optimum design, Genetic Algorithms (GAs) approach has been applied. GAs approach is selected because it is a powerful and broadly applicable stochastic search and optimization techniques that works for many problems that are very difficult to solve by conventional methods. The design optimization procedure of a stepper motor is described in this project. A C++ program has been successfully developed based on the GAs by using the GAs library. This GAs library is a C++ library that contains tools and built-in components for using GAs to minimize the fitness function. In this project, the program that has been developed is run to get the optimization result with Microsoft Visual C++. In order to obtain better results from the program, some of the parameters have to be changed. These include GA parameter that is number of generation and size of population and penalty factor. From the result, it is shown that the objective function is achieved while keeping other constraint function at desired value. This project and successful results have proved the suitability of GA for design optimization of electrical equipment. It is shown that GA can be used to solve complex problems within a short period.
Rekabentuk sistem perlindungan kilat
(2005-03-01)
Mohd Fadzil, Mohd Fazli
Lightning strike is one of the phenomenons that can cause damage of properties, badly injury, and also the death. Cause of that, all the buildings which have more than 3 floors, must equip with the lightning conductor. For this project, one investigation have made to the area of Sport Centre of University Science Malaysia, Engineering Campus which doesn’t have the lightning protector. From that investigation, football field 1, football field 2 and rugby field have a high risk of lightning strike. In addition, these fields always full with the student everyday and definitely it is so dangerous. In this project, I have designed the lightning protection system which will protect the people who play at the fields of Sport Center. This system is divided by two sections. First section will responsible to protect the goal side. It is designed with 20 m high of iron net along the field wide. The second section will protect the center of the field. It has 20 meter high of two flag-poles at each side of field. Those flag poles and the iron net are equipped with the earth system for the over-current when the lightning strike occurs. From this project, the risk of lightning strike to people is less and safe for people to play at any time and any weather.
E-commerce within 3d environment
(2005-03-01)
Khaw, Kien Weng
With the advent of cheap and fast computer, the notion of 3D graphics has been very popular lately, from video games to weather simulations to movies that give us a glimpse of virtual reality. The World Wide Web has gained even more popularity. Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) was born to solve this problem: how to put compelling 3D onto every PC connected to the Web. One of the effective applications of 3D on the Web is 3D ECommerce. Most of the E-Commerce web sites currently available on the internet are presenting their products to their customers using 2D images. Due to the limitations of text and 2D graphics, the customers can just have a vague picture of the product. They could not really know how the product looks like in reality. With 3D environment or virtual reality, the customer of the E-Commerce web site may rotate a product to have a 360-degree view of that product. Rather than a 2D image, the customer can choose how to look at the model or world, the viewer can navigate the world and the most interesting is the file size can often be much less. 3D E-commerce presents the most realistic and detailed view of products to customers. This project is to investigate the feasibility of E-Commerce within 3D environment. In this project, e-commerce within 3D environment is developed. A case study of a furniture shop is considered in this project. VRML is used to develop the 3D objects and environment in the project. In order to provide text and navigation aids to help the user read about and interact with the VRML world, the web site is developed by integrating the VRML world with Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) text. Just like any other typical e-commerce web site, a server side application and database supports is a must. In this project, Java Server Pages (JSP) is used to build the server side program which is responsible to generate the web pages with the combination of static and dynamic contents and to communicate with the database. Tomcat is used as the container for running the JSP web application. MySQL, a DBMS, is used to build and manage the database for the project.
High voltage distribution system for loss reduction
(2005-03-01)
Che Wan Osman, Che Wan Mohd Nor Sofian
Electricity is modern society’s most convenient and useful form of energy. Without it, the present social infrastructure would not all be feasible. The increasing per capita consumption of electricity throughout the world reflects a growing standard of living of the people. The optimum utilization of this form of energy can only be ensured by effective distribution systems. A distribution system is the one from which the power is distributed to various consumers through feeders, distributors and service mains. Feeders are conductors of large current carrying capacity carrying the current in bulk to the feeding points. Distributors are conductors from which the current is tapped off the supply to the consumer premises. Because of lower voltage, and hence higher current, the I2R loss in the distribution system is significantly high compared to that of a high-voltage transmission system. The pressure of improving the overall efficiency of power distribution has forced the power utilities to reduce the loss, especially at the distribution level. The I2R loss in a distribution system can be reduced by network reconfiguration. The reconfiguration changes the path of power flow from source to the loads. A program has been developed based on MATLAB program to do the analysis in this project.The perfomance of the proposed method was investigated on distribution system consisting of 33 buses and it was found that a significant loss saving can be achieved by using a of High Voltage Distribution System.
Meter kuasa maya
(2005-03-01)
Elias, Mohd Rizwan
The main objective of this project is to develop virtual power meter through the application of software system. This software is very useful for monitoring and observing energy usage of a load. Beside that, billing system for the energy used is also being developed. The software system is connected into serial port and communicating with microcontroller PIC16F877 through connector pin DB-9 RS232. This microcontroller is then communicating with measurement circuit and device under test. The software interface will open the serial port by sending open port command to enable communication with PIC16F877. Multiplexing circuit convert the analog input signal into digital signal. Transmitting and receiving data between software interface and microcontroller is based on full-duplex communication through a serial port using Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter (USART) chip, in a formatted ASCII file and the data is been stored for every hour reading for the future monitoring and reference. Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 interface is used thoroughly, because of its simplicity and user friendly concept. Beside that, it is based on database concept which is useful in storing information for calculating monthly bill and able to capture the input and output reading for electrical parameters from the load tested. The manual billing system and user record storing are also designed in accordance to the standard of Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB).
Mengecam dan membezakan tahap kematangan buah pisang menggunakan antena hon, pemuat dan rangkaian neural
(2005-03-01)
Mohd Jadi, Noorasimah
Antenna, capacitor and neural network can be used to classify and differentiate the maturity level of fruits. In accomplishing this project, there are two pyramidal horn antennas, one acts as a transmitter and the other acts as a receiver. The transmitter is connected to a signal generator while the receiver is connected to a spectrum analyzer as it will measure the microwave propagation towards the material that was tested which is a banana. At the same time the value of the capacitance of the banana is measured by using two parallel plates where the banana acts as dielectric. Then these two plates were connected to a RCL meter which is used to measure the banana capacitance of each maturity level. Lastly both data that were collected are used to train the neural network in classifying and differentiate the maturity level of the banana. Multilayer Perceptron is chosen as the type of neural network that was used in this project. MATLAB is another tool that will be used to train the neural network until the network to differentiate the fruit maturity level.
Design of a teaching kit for speed and position control of dc motor
(2005-03-01)
Gunasekaran, Pramila
Direct-current (DC) motors are the first type of motor built and still being used widely. Although, DC motor is more expensive compare to other motors, it is suitable for certain type of control system compare to other motors. The greatest advantage of DC motors is speed control and position control. Basically, these projects are divided into two parts: hardware implementation and software implementation. The hardware implementation is where signal applied will control speed and position by PID controller and the output will be displayed in the digital oscilloscope. This project also requires software implementations to display output signal in the computer panel which involves two microcontroller program. The microcontroller then programmed as an ADC converter and as serial data transmitter, also including Borland C++ Builder to plot a graph of the output signal taken.
Denyut voltan tinggi
(2005-03-01)
Nik Yusoff, Nik Zainal Abidin
Consumers’ requirements for foods are contantly changing. Today they demand the foods that are fresh and natural. Thermal pasteurization not only kills contaminating microorganisms but also affects the taste, colour and nutritional quality of foods. Cold pasteurization methods have been developed to kill microorganisms without the application of heat. One such method is the use of pulsed electric fields (PEF) for pasteurization of liquid foods. This research is about the usage of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on liquid foodstuff such as milk. A sample of milk is placed into a treatment chamber and treated with pulsed electric fields. Maximum voltage supply for the treatment chamber is about 17 kV. Parameters used for this experiment such as strength of electric fields, the number of pulses and the width of pulses is changed periodically to investigate their effects on the inactivation of microorganisms.
Design of digital to analog converter (dac) for integrated bluetooth applications using 0.18μm cmos technology
(2005-03-01)
Low, Pit Xing
Digital to analog converter (DAC) is one of the important elements in thecommunication circuits. In this project, a digital to analog converter which operates with 1.8V voltage supply is implemented based on 0.18μm Silterra CMOS process technology. The implemented digital to analog converter is an 8-bit parallel inputs R-2R architecture converter. The digital to analog converter operates with a reference voltage and provides a current output. An operational amplifier is connected at the output end of the R-2R network to convert the output current to suitable output voltage. This operational amplifier is a current mirror op-amp with open loop dc voltage gain of 24.64dB. Besides, this op-amp achieves bandwidth of 21.5MHz, with the power consumption of 0.85mW. The mentioned reference voltage is established by another circuit block which known as bandgap reference voltage circuit. This bandgap reference voltage circuit is simply composed of CMOS transistors, op-amp, resistors and diodes. The overall D/A converter circuit has the settling time 8ns, which means the data sampling rate of 125MHz, with power consumption of 31.356mW. The schematic entry and simulation of the whole DAC circuits is done using the software Cadence, Virtuoso and Spectre.
Intelligent car park system
(2005-03-01)
Saw, Qher Shynn
The main objective of this project is to design an intelligent car park system based on computer and Micro controller. This prototype is build using a model to stimulate the actual car park system. High-level language such as Visual Basic 6 is chosen because it can be used to build a convenient system. By using Visual Basic 6, a user-friendly Graphic User Interface can be created. The basic concept of this project is similar to that of a normal car park, but it has been enhanced with various useful features such as number of cars enters, number of cars illegally parked and number of available lots. All signals will be first processed by the PIC16F877A micro controller and then sent by it to the computer. The main hardware consists of a PIC16F877A micro controller by Microchip Technology Inc, LDR sensors and 7404 Hex Inverter ICs. LDR sensors are placed at entrance and every parking lot to detect cars. The source code of the PIC micro controller is developed using MPLAB Integrated Development Environments while the interface of the car park system is created using Microsoft Visual Basic 6. The main advantages of this project are information is carried out from time to time to give a clear view of empty lots available for drivers. Time consuming can be reduced to the lowest level. Besides that, the cost required to build and manage this intelligent car park system is low so that any company or shopping centre able to possess. Any inconvenience during finding parking lot can be solved easily. This project also designs for capable of guardhouse monitoring activities inside the car park.
Penggambaran informasi kajian kes membantu aktiviti-aktiviti dalam pembangunan perisian
(2005-03-01)
Idris, Faizah
Software engineering is a very complicated process. One of the reason is, software engineering development may require multi version software involving multiple developers. There are many models that we can used to show the phases and the activities in the software development. Waterfall model are being used in this project for the case study because it is straight forward and it is also a linear model. Concerning implementation, VRML will be used to produce the 3D visualization of the phases in the waterfall model. It is hope that the users will get benefit from the 3D representation produce the work described in this thesis.
Frekuensi radio identifikasi
(2005-03-01)
Kamal Adzham, Ahmad Nizar
Radio Frequency Identification or RFID is a new technology and building its reputation rapidly. This system is widely use in our daily lives. For an example is ‘Smart Tag’ lane on high ways. The gate automatically opens during the entry of our vehicle. Another example of RFID system is security alarm at shops entrance. The entire product is label with tag and the alarm would be triggered if the product is stolen or brought out passing through the doors. The main objective of this project is to write a program for the microcontroller for the RFID reader so that it could be use for personal purpose, but because it is hard to purchase the tag a 1-bit RFID circuit is designed to give a basic overview on how RFID works. The reader circuit and the tag is said to be resonating at a specific frequency. In industry the frequency that is used is 125 kHz and 13.56 MHz. But in this project the frequency used is 1MHz because of the capability of the equipment (audio generator) used in this project. One of the main problems faced during the development of this project is tuning the antenna to resonant at 1MHz. This is solved easily by using Network Analyzer. For the future student who intent to continue this project could improve the memory of the tag and the reading distance of the tag so that the RFID technology could be improve to a whole new level.
Pengaruh arus harmonik terhadap pembacaan meter kwh analog
(2005-03-01)
Koay, Boon Kit
This final year project deals with effect of harmonic current on reading of analogue kWh meter. In the project, derivation of complex mathematic equation is not included but analysis is made based on the experimental results. A rectifier (which has adjustable capacitor and adjustable resistor connected in parallel as the load) is connected with kWh meter. The meter is then connected with pure sinusoidal voltage source, 50Hz, 240V. The rectifier represents the non-linear loads we use in daily life. When changing the resistance and the capacitance of the loads, the magnitude of the current and the value of total harmonic distortion will change as well. In the situation where the RMS current is not being changed, the change of active power when total harmonic distortion is increased is being compared. The active power refers to that of theoretical active power and that of sensed by the kWh meter. Besides that, the error percentage of kWh meter reading when total harmonic distortion is increased is studied too. In this project, voltage source is assumed not polluted with harmonic content.
Pakej perisian pemprosesan imej untuk kanser payudara
(2005-03-01)
Abu Seman, Noorhidayati
Breast cancer is one of the common disease among woman nowadays. Cancer can be detected by using a method called Pap test. This method or test also has a few weaknesses such as blurness and disturbance from any area that undesirable in the process. This will gives effect to the diagnosis and the result that have been done. Through this project, a Pap smear processing image was developed using Borland C++ Builder in order to reduce the weaknesses. At the same time, a technique of enhancing the contrast of the image and filtering has been implemented to the Pap smear image to upgrade the image quality. The filtering process is very useful for any image that has a disturbance while being or after processed. Algorithms that have been used to enhanced the contrast are contrast stretching, bright stretching, dark stretching, histogram equalization and color saturation modification. Algorithms that being used to enhance the filtering processed are high pass filter, low pass filter and also the median filter. This process shows that this technique have successfully enhanced the image quality from the Pap smear images.
Design of bandpass fir digital filter
(2005-03-01)
Sahamir, Sheila Rita
This work is concerned with the design of digital bandpass FIR filter using three differents method; Window, Optimal and Frequency sampling. Besides, the filter will be designed using MATLAB Version 6.5.1 that available in the School of Electrical and Electronic, Engineering. The project then will compare the merit and de-merit of each method. The project also has a simple step-by-step guide for designing bandpass FIR digital filter. From the given specification, we will calculate the appropriate parameters that will be used in MATLAB programming. Basically, there are five steps involve in designing digital filter such as specification of the filter requirements, calculation of suitable filter coefficients, performs the suitable realization structure for the filter, analysis the effects of finite wordlength on the filter performance and implementation in software and/ or hardware. It has been found that the Optimal method of this design of FIR digital filter provides the best result as it produces filter which meet the specification with the least number of coefficient. The suitable filter realization will be used is transversal filter that is the most widely using in implementation of the digital filter.
Semi-automatic features extraction of cervical cells
(2005-03-01)
Mohanadas, Veerayen
This project is entitled ‘Semi-automatic Features Extraction of Cervical Cells’. The project is aimed to create a user friendly software which can be able to analyze Pap smear images via image processing. Cytological screening using the Pap smear test is the most effective strategy for the detection of precancerous state and consequent control of cervical cancer. Cytological samples that are taken from Pap smear test will undergo further analysis to detect the degree of abnormality of the cervical cells. The results of the abnormality of the samples can be inaccurate since some types of the medical images are blurring and highly affected by unwanted noise. Those bottlenecks in the medical images are believed that can be reduced via implementations of an adaptive fuzzy c-means (AFCM) and moving k-means (MKM) clustering techniques. These clustering techniques were used to segment the Pap smear images and later the features of the cells were extracted using region growing based feature extraction (RGBFE) technique. The performance of AFCM and MKM were analyzed based on the segmentation results of 6 Pap smear images. In overall, MKM was produced much better images than AFCM. Although the results have revealed that AFCM was suffering from centre redundancy and poor final centres in most of the cases, but it has also shown an advantage over MKM where AFCM was not sensitive to initial centres.
Theory, design, fabrication and testing of capacitive pressure transducer
(2005-03-01)
Virachami, Moganadass
Transducers are predominantly used as sensors, because with a few exceptions, their efficiency of conversion is very low and to achieve a higher efficiency of conversion, transducers need to use the electrical signals to the amplifier. The piezoelectric device (pressure sensing) is also a useful transducer (can be used in either direction). Transducer use of piezoelectric crystals is mainly confined to the conversion between pressure waves in a liquid or gas and electrical AC signals. The conversion of energy from an electrical form into stress can be achieved by the magnetically cored solenoids. Pressure Transducer operates to convert the physical variable pressure into an electrical output signal that is proportional to the pressure measurement. The output supply is in form of current or voltage signals. Standard signals allow combining transducers, controllers, computers or stored program controllers (SPC) of different manufacturers without incurring any problem. The standardization simplifies both works as the manufacturers and also as the designer or any company operating instruments and plants. Capacitive Pressure Transducer operates as a pressure sensing device which senses the changes of capacitance according to the changes of pressure applied to the transducer. The measurement of these changes (output) is defined in form of voltage signal using a special measurement circuit is build out of operational amplifiers, resistors, capacitors and switch. The measurement results and conclusion of the project conducted on the capacitive pressure transducer is presented in the last part of this report together with design of the pressure transducer and the measurement circuit.
Rekabentuk pengukur jarak kedalaman air
(2005-03-01)
Ridzuan, Mohd Ikmal
Objective for design a water depth meter is to measure depth of water. In this project there is a certain circuit that have been design. Such as, circuit in generate and transmit division and circuit in receive and amplify division. All of this circuit is control by Microcontroller BASIC STAMP 2 (BS2). Pulse wave is the medium to measure depth of water. In this project pulse wave that has been generate by timer 555. Frequency for this pulse is 2 kHz. Comparator LM339 has been use in this circuit. Input positive is connect to output of the timer 555 and negative input is connect to voltage divider circuit and pin ‘0’ BS2. After timer generate the pulse, output of this timer is connected to comparator circuit for control the pulse to transmit. After the transmit speaker transmit the pulse signal hit water bed and reflect and then receive by receiver speaker. This receive signal will amplified in the two stage amplifier. In this project LM358 has been use to amplified the receive signal. Output of this amplifier connect to comparator. In receiver division also used comparator LM 339. Output of this comparator is connect to the pin ‘1’ BS2. In the an microcontroller will translate the signal and measure the depth of water.
Direct conversion receiver
(2005-03-01)
Wan Khairuddin, Wan Nur Hafsha
Direct conversion receiver is a receiver system that is widely used for wireless communication.Direct conversion receiver replaced the architecture of superheterodyne receiver.The objectives of my project is to do analysis of IQ Demodulator IC model LT5516 produced by Linear Technology and also the analysis of direct conversion receiver system using LT5516 to see the performance of this receiver.The test circuit for LT5516 is designed using printed circuit board (PCB). Narrowband balun structure is designed for input of RF signal and LO signal.Air core inductor is used for balun design.The analysis of LT5516 cannot be done because the connection between the LT5516 pads and printed circuit board cannot be done so that the test circuit cannot function without the connection of this LT5516 IC.The LT5516 IC cannot be soldered on printed circuit board because the size of the IC is too small (4mmx4mm). The soldering method used is not effective but I still used this method because there are no other technology in this campus. LT5516 pads are connected to printed circuit board using wire-wrap as the conductor.Wire-wrap is soldered to LT5516 pads and connected to PCB pads but lastly IC LT5516 cannot be soldered on PCB because the IC pads are small and resulted the soldering joint.To solve this problem I decreased the amount of solder but the wire wrap could not stick on IC pads.Other components are soldered on PCB pads but the analysis still cannot be done without this IC LT5516. Aluminium box is designed for this test circuit .The aluminium box isdesigned to avoid radiation that will effect the output signal.The calculation for band pass filter and low pass filter are include in this report even they cannot be applied because the circuit not function and cannot be analyze.The suggestions also include at the end of the report to ensure that the direct conversion receiver can function well and can be analyze to see the performance of direct conversion receiver.

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