Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraaan Elektrik dan Elektronik - Monograf

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Pengelog data untuk multi-meter digital
(2004-03-01)
Lai, Thiam Hee
A normal multimeter is used to measure the voltage and current of certain circuits and also the resistance across certain lines. As the world of electronics evolves, multimeter evolved from analog to digital. But how to incoporate the data measured from a digital multimeter into a computer? The answer to the above question is the datalogger of the digital multimeter. The datalogger is connected into the digital multimeter so that the data measured can be stored into its memory. Before the era of datalogger, some latest digital multimeters have serial interface ready. By linking the interface to the computer, one can get the recording of oscilloscope for slow signals. On the downside, the computer has to be present at the measurement location, and left running all the time. Besides, the digital multimeter occupies the serial port during the entire measurement. These disadvantages certainly points to wastage of computer resources. The datalogger designed will be free of these disadvantages. It can automatically captures the discrete measurement values supplied by the digital multimeter and puts them into permanent storage. When the need arises, the contents of the datalogger will then be downloaded into computer for data manipulation.
E-commerce within 3d environment
(2005-03-01)
Khaw, Kien Weng
With the advent of cheap and fast computer, the notion of 3D graphics has been very popular lately, from video games to weather simulations to movies that give us a glimpse of virtual reality. The World Wide Web has gained even more popularity. Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) was born to solve this problem: how to put compelling 3D onto every PC connected to the Web. One of the effective applications of 3D on the Web is 3D ECommerce. Most of the E-Commerce web sites currently available on the internet are presenting their products to their customers using 2D images. Due to the limitations of text and 2D graphics, the customers can just have a vague picture of the product. They could not really know how the product looks like in reality. With 3D environment or virtual reality, the customer of the E-Commerce web site may rotate a product to have a 360-degree view of that product. Rather than a 2D image, the customer can choose how to look at the model or world, the viewer can navigate the world and the most interesting is the file size can often be much less. 3D E-commerce presents the most realistic and detailed view of products to customers. This project is to investigate the feasibility of E-Commerce within 3D environment. In this project, e-commerce within 3D environment is developed. A case study of a furniture shop is considered in this project. VRML is used to develop the 3D objects and environment in the project. In order to provide text and navigation aids to help the user read about and interact with the VRML world, the web site is developed by integrating the VRML world with Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) text. Just like any other typical e-commerce web site, a server side application and database supports is a must. In this project, Java Server Pages (JSP) is used to build the server side program which is responsible to generate the web pages with the combination of static and dynamic contents and to communicate with the database. Tomcat is used as the container for running the JSP web application. MySQL, a DBMS, is used to build and manage the database for the project.
Rekabentuk penguat hingar rendah (lna) cmos beraruhan merosot bebezaan penuh untuk penerima wcdma
(2005-03-01)
Law, Eng Hui
A 2.1 GHz low noise amplifier (LNA), intended for use in a Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) receiver has been implemented in 0.18μm RF process. The amplifier provides a forward gain (S21) of 11.42dB with a noise figure of only 1.7dB and drawing 12.66mA from a 1.8V supply voltage. The 1dB-compression point of the LNA is -9.82dB. In this thesis, detailed analysis of the LNA architecture will be presented. The LNA employed an inductive source degeneration topology, that is, a degenerative inductor is used to provide 50Ω input impedance matching. An advantage of this method is that unlike other methods, it does not bring with it the thermal noise of an ordinary resistor because a pure reactance is noiseless. This LNA uses differential architecture rather than single-ended architecture to provide better common-mode rejection ratio. The main problem faced in the project was to obtain a 50Ω input and output impedance while maintaining the gain to be in the range of 10dB to 15dB. This gain specification is to ensure that the LNA provide enough gain but not too high as to avoid nonlinearity that can cause distortion. LNA should not consume too much power to have good portability. Finally, the performance of the designed low noise amplifier meets all of the specification.
Sistem pemprosesan imej perubatan
(2005-03-01)
Khalid, Rohaida
Breast cancer is one of the main causes to women death nowadays. Medical specialist uses mammogram and ultrasound screening to detect and identifying the breast tumour. Cervical cancer is second causes to women death. Pap test is used to detect the biological changes of cervical cell. However, sometime medical specialist faces difficulties in analyzing the mammogram, ultrasound and Pap smear images. Medical images, which are analyzed by Radiologist and Patalogist are normally affected by unwanted noise and blur such as blood and sometimes the images are too dark or too bright. These factors contribute to error diagnosis or screening. Therefore, project proposes “Medical Images Processing System” using Borland C++ Builder version 6 to increase the problems. This user-friendly system is developed to improve the weaknessess which occur during the medical images processing. Image processing techniques such as filtering are provided in the system, contrast enhancement, boundary segmentation and edge detection. The results show that the proposed succesfully improved the tumour contrast, segmented the tumour, detected the tumour edges and reduce unwanted noise of the medical images.
Semi-automatic features extraction of cervical cells
(2005-03-01)
Mohanadas, Veerayen
This project is entitled ‘Semi-automatic Features Extraction of Cervical Cells’. The project is aimed to create a user friendly software which can be able to analyze Pap smear images via image processing. Cytological screening using the Pap smear test is the most effective strategy for the detection of precancerous state and consequent control of cervical cancer. Cytological samples that are taken from Pap smear test will undergo further analysis to detect the degree of abnormality of the cervical cells. The results of the abnormality of the samples can be inaccurate since some types of the medical images are blurring and highly affected by unwanted noise. Those bottlenecks in the medical images are believed that can be reduced via implementations of an adaptive fuzzy c-means (AFCM) and moving k-means (MKM) clustering techniques. These clustering techniques were used to segment the Pap smear images and later the features of the cells were extracted using region growing based feature extraction (RGBFE) technique. The performance of AFCM and MKM were analyzed based on the segmentation results of 6 Pap smear images. In overall, MKM was produced much better images than AFCM. Although the results have revealed that AFCM was suffering from centre redundancy and poor final centres in most of the cases, but it has also shown an advantage over MKM where AFCM was not sensitive to initial centres.
Theory, design, fabrication and testing of capacitive pressure transducer
(2005-03-01)
Virachami, Moganadass
Transducers are predominantly used as sensors, because with a few exceptions, their efficiency of conversion is very low and to achieve a higher efficiency of conversion, transducers need to use the electrical signals to the amplifier. The piezoelectric device (pressure sensing) is also a useful transducer (can be used in either direction). Transducer use of piezoelectric crystals is mainly confined to the conversion between pressure waves in a liquid or gas and electrical AC signals. The conversion of energy from an electrical form into stress can be achieved by the magnetically cored solenoids. Pressure Transducer operates to convert the physical variable pressure into an electrical output signal that is proportional to the pressure measurement. The output supply is in form of current or voltage signals. Standard signals allow combining transducers, controllers, computers or stored program controllers (SPC) of different manufacturers without incurring any problem. The standardization simplifies both works as the manufacturers and also as the designer or any company operating instruments and plants. Capacitive Pressure Transducer operates as a pressure sensing device which senses the changes of capacitance according to the changes of pressure applied to the transducer. The measurement of these changes (output) is defined in form of voltage signal using a special measurement circuit is build out of operational amplifiers, resistors, capacitors and switch. The measurement results and conclusion of the project conducted on the capacitive pressure transducer is presented in the last part of this report together with design of the pressure transducer and the measurement circuit.
Pakej perisian pemprosesan imej untuk kanser payudara
(2005-03-01)
Abu Seman, Noorhidayati
Breast cancer is one of the common disease among woman nowadays. Cancer can be detected by using a method called Pap test. This method or test also has a few weaknesses such as blurness and disturbance from any area that undesirable in the process. This will gives effect to the diagnosis and the result that have been done. Through this project, a Pap smear processing image was developed using Borland C++ Builder in order to reduce the weaknesses. At the same time, a technique of enhancing the contrast of the image and filtering has been implemented to the Pap smear image to upgrade the image quality. The filtering process is very useful for any image that has a disturbance while being or after processed. Algorithms that have been used to enhanced the contrast are contrast stretching, bright stretching, dark stretching, histogram equalization and color saturation modification. Algorithms that being used to enhance the filtering processed are high pass filter, low pass filter and also the median filter. This process shows that this technique have successfully enhanced the image quality from the Pap smear images.
Design of bandpass fir digital filter
(2005-03-01)
Sahamir, Sheila Rita
This work is concerned with the design of digital bandpass FIR filter using three differents method; Window, Optimal and Frequency sampling. Besides, the filter will be designed using MATLAB Version 6.5.1 that available in the School of Electrical and Electronic, Engineering. The project then will compare the merit and de-merit of each method. The project also has a simple step-by-step guide for designing bandpass FIR digital filter. From the given specification, we will calculate the appropriate parameters that will be used in MATLAB programming. Basically, there are five steps involve in designing digital filter such as specification of the filter requirements, calculation of suitable filter coefficients, performs the suitable realization structure for the filter, analysis the effects of finite wordlength on the filter performance and implementation in software and/ or hardware. It has been found that the Optimal method of this design of FIR digital filter provides the best result as it produces filter which meet the specification with the least number of coefficient. The suitable filter realization will be used is transversal filter that is the most widely using in implementation of the digital filter.
Direct conversion receiver
(2005-03-01)
Wan Khairuddin, Wan Nur Hafsha
Direct conversion receiver is a receiver system that is widely used for wireless communication.Direct conversion receiver replaced the architecture of superheterodyne receiver.The objectives of my project is to do analysis of IQ Demodulator IC model LT5516 produced by Linear Technology and also the analysis of direct conversion receiver system using LT5516 to see the performance of this receiver.The test circuit for LT5516 is designed using printed circuit board (PCB). Narrowband balun structure is designed for input of RF signal and LO signal.Air core inductor is used for balun design.The analysis of LT5516 cannot be done because the connection between the LT5516 pads and printed circuit board cannot be done so that the test circuit cannot function without the connection of this LT5516 IC.The LT5516 IC cannot be soldered on printed circuit board because the size of the IC is too small (4mmx4mm). The soldering method used is not effective but I still used this method because there are no other technology in this campus. LT5516 pads are connected to printed circuit board using wire-wrap as the conductor.Wire-wrap is soldered to LT5516 pads and connected to PCB pads but lastly IC LT5516 cannot be soldered on PCB because the IC pads are small and resulted the soldering joint.To solve this problem I decreased the amount of solder but the wire wrap could not stick on IC pads.Other components are soldered on PCB pads but the analysis still cannot be done without this IC LT5516. Aluminium box is designed for this test circuit .The aluminium box isdesigned to avoid radiation that will effect the output signal.The calculation for band pass filter and low pass filter are include in this report even they cannot be applied because the circuit not function and cannot be analyze.The suggestions also include at the end of the report to ensure that the direct conversion receiver can function well and can be analyze to see the performance of direct conversion receiver.
Antena pintar
(2005-03-01)
Khalid, Ahmad Khairol Azhani
This project is about a developing an antena. It’s called smart antenna. This antenna has 6 patch element on it. Smart antenna having a wide angular range and high gain value that is 6 dBic. Smart antenna has a pattern that is not fixed, but adapts to the current radion conditions. The technique is a simple switching between predefined beams to optimum beamforming. This technique can decrease power loss because the beam is only be radiated toward the user only, the power radiated in other directions will be exprienced as interference by other users. Smart antenna will directing a beam toward the comunication partner only. Smart antena can increase the capacity, increase the range,prepare a new service, security and reduced multipath propagation. Smart antenna be designed as thin, compact, small and simple because it will be mounted on bullet train, ship and car roof.
Denyut voltan tinggi
(2005-03-01)
Nik Yusoff, Nik Zainal Abidin
Consumers’ requirements for foods are contantly changing. Today they demand the foods that are fresh and natural. Thermal pasteurization not only kills contaminating microorganisms but also affects the taste, colour and nutritional quality of foods. Cold pasteurization methods have been developed to kill microorganisms without the application of heat. One such method is the use of pulsed electric fields (PEF) for pasteurization of liquid foods. This research is about the usage of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on liquid foodstuff such as milk. A sample of milk is placed into a treatment chamber and treated with pulsed electric fields. Maximum voltage supply for the treatment chamber is about 17 kV. Parameters used for this experiment such as strength of electric fields, the number of pulses and the width of pulses is changed periodically to investigate their effects on the inactivation of microorganisms.
Design and analysis of cmos based rfic voltage controlled oscillator (vco) for 1.9ghz range cdma applications
(2005-03-01)
Lee, Jen Huei
The objective of this paper is to present the Design and Analysis of CMOS Based RFIC Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) for 1.9GHz Range for CDMA Application. The topology used to realize the oscillator is the Cross coupled differential LC tank negative trans-conductance voltage controlled oscillator. The design process begins from the choice of topology. After a topology is chosen, then the targeted specification is set. The circuit is simulated and optimized to meet the specifications. This is done in the schematic and simulation entry. After the simulation results are satisfied, and then the layout of the circuit is drawn. In the layout stage, design rules check (DRC) should always performed to make sure the layout follow the design rules. After DRC checking, the layout versus schematic (LVS) is performed to compare between schematic net list file and layout net list file. The final stage will be the additional of the bond pad into the layout. In chapter 1 of this paper, an introduction to transceiver architecture and Voltage controlled oscillator is given. The various topology described in the previous published paper to implement a Voltage Controlled Oscillator is compared between each other in Chapter 2. In chapter 3, the analysis of the Cross coupled differential LC tank negative trans-conductance topology used in the design of this paper is described. Chapter 4 discusses about the Phase Noise of the oscillator. The designed circuit is simulated using Cadence CAD tools and the design kit is supplied by Silterra Malaysia Sdn. Bhd (Silterra RF design kit, version 180804). The simulation results analysis are shown in chapter 5. The layout process is described in chapter 6 and finally chapter 7 gives the conclusion of the project.
Rekabentuk satu teknik tera air separa rapuh yang berasaskan ‘wavelet’ untuk kegunaan pengesahan imej
(2005-03-01)
Koh, Ling Hock
The enormous popularity of the World Wide Web in the early 1990's demonstrated the commercial potential of offering multimedia resources through the digital networks. Since commercial interests seek to use the digital networks to offer digital media for profit, they have a strong interest in protecting their ownership rights. Digital watermarking has been proposed as one way to accomplish this. Digital watermarking serves many purposes, such as intellectual property rights protection, content verification and information hiding. Since 1993, the research of digital watermarking for image content authentication has received more and more attentions. Image content authentication tries to embed information in order to identify and localize any malicious attacks on the image. In this dissertation, a wavelet-based semi-fragile watermarking technique for image content authentication is proposed, which is robust against content-preserving operations, while very fragile to content-changing processing. The image is first divided into equal-sized, non-overlapping blocks. Then, the average of pixel intensities is calculated for each of such blocks and embedded as a semi-fragile watermark back into the image for content protection. The experimental results clearly demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is able to detect malicious attacks on the image, secure and robust to common image processing operations.
Load flow using newton raphson method
(2005-03-01)
Wahid, Mohd Akhmal
The model of the electric power system that is used in a power flow analysis consist of all the busses in the system, the generating units and load elements connected to these various buses, and the transmission lines that interconnected the buses. The information furnished by a power flow analysis is quite simply the voltage profile of the system. In other words, the important result of the analysis is the determination of the voltage magnitude and its associated phase angle at each bus. Of course, once this information is known, it is a routine matter to determine the currents in each transmission link, and accordingly, the real and reactive power flows. Conclusions regarding overloads on any of the system components are obtained at this point in the study. They are necessary for planning operation, economic scheduling and exchange of power between utilities. In addition, power flow analysis is required for many other analyses such as transient stability and contingency studies. The most common techniques used for the iterative solution of nonlinear algebraic equations are Gauss-Seidel, Newton –Raphson, and Quasi-Newton methods. Because of its quadratic convergence, Newton’s method is mathematically superior to the Gauss-Seidel method and is less prone to divergence with ill-conditioned problems. For large power systems, the Newton- Raphson method is found to be more efficient and practical. The number of iterations required to obtain the solution is independent of the system size, but more functional evaluations are required at each iteration. This project presents Newton-Raphson method for conducting load flow. A practical IEEE-5 bus system is considered for illustrator. A software in MATLAB is written and load flow is simulated. The results are compared with the programs written by Hadi Saadat and presented in the Chapter 4.
Design of digital to analog converter (dac) for integrated bluetooth applications using 0.18μm cmos technology
(2005-03-01)
Low, Pit Xing
Digital to analog converter (DAC) is one of the important elements in thecommunication circuits. In this project, a digital to analog converter which operates with 1.8V voltage supply is implemented based on 0.18μm Silterra CMOS process technology. The implemented digital to analog converter is an 8-bit parallel inputs R-2R architecture converter. The digital to analog converter operates with a reference voltage and provides a current output. An operational amplifier is connected at the output end of the R-2R network to convert the output current to suitable output voltage. This operational amplifier is a current mirror op-amp with open loop dc voltage gain of 24.64dB. Besides, this op-amp achieves bandwidth of 21.5MHz, with the power consumption of 0.85mW. The mentioned reference voltage is established by another circuit block which known as bandgap reference voltage circuit. This bandgap reference voltage circuit is simply composed of CMOS transistors, op-amp, resistors and diodes. The overall D/A converter circuit has the settling time 8ns, which means the data sampling rate of 125MHz, with power consumption of 31.356mW. The schematic entry and simulation of the whole DAC circuits is done using the software Cadence, Virtuoso and Spectre.
Intelligent car park system
(2005-03-01)
Saw, Qher Shynn
The main objective of this project is to design an intelligent car park system based on computer and Micro controller. This prototype is build using a model to stimulate the actual car park system. High-level language such as Visual Basic 6 is chosen because it can be used to build a convenient system. By using Visual Basic 6, a user-friendly Graphic User Interface can be created. The basic concept of this project is similar to that of a normal car park, but it has been enhanced with various useful features such as number of cars enters, number of cars illegally parked and number of available lots. All signals will be first processed by the PIC16F877A micro controller and then sent by it to the computer. The main hardware consists of a PIC16F877A micro controller by Microchip Technology Inc, LDR sensors and 7404 Hex Inverter ICs. LDR sensors are placed at entrance and every parking lot to detect cars. The source code of the PIC micro controller is developed using MPLAB Integrated Development Environments while the interface of the car park system is created using Microsoft Visual Basic 6. The main advantages of this project are information is carried out from time to time to give a clear view of empty lots available for drivers. Time consuming can be reduced to the lowest level. Besides that, the cost required to build and manage this intelligent car park system is low so that any company or shopping centre able to possess. Any inconvenience during finding parking lot can be solved easily. This project also designs for capable of guardhouse monitoring activities inside the car park.
Penggambaran informasi kajian kes membantu aktiviti-aktiviti dalam pembangunan perisian
(2005-03-01)
Idris, Faizah
Software engineering is a very complicated process. One of the reason is, software engineering development may require multi version software involving multiple developers. There are many models that we can used to show the phases and the activities in the software development. Waterfall model are being used in this project for the case study because it is straight forward and it is also a linear model. Concerning implementation, VRML will be used to produce the 3D visualization of the phases in the waterfall model. It is hope that the users will get benefit from the 3D representation produce the work described in this thesis.
Frekuensi radio identifikasi
(2005-03-01)
Kamal Adzham, Ahmad Nizar
Radio Frequency Identification or RFID is a new technology and building its reputation rapidly. This system is widely use in our daily lives. For an example is ‘Smart Tag’ lane on high ways. The gate automatically opens during the entry of our vehicle. Another example of RFID system is security alarm at shops entrance. The entire product is label with tag and the alarm would be triggered if the product is stolen or brought out passing through the doors. The main objective of this project is to write a program for the microcontroller for the RFID reader so that it could be use for personal purpose, but because it is hard to purchase the tag a 1-bit RFID circuit is designed to give a basic overview on how RFID works. The reader circuit and the tag is said to be resonating at a specific frequency. In industry the frequency that is used is 125 kHz and 13.56 MHz. But in this project the frequency used is 1MHz because of the capability of the equipment (audio generator) used in this project. One of the main problems faced during the development of this project is tuning the antenna to resonant at 1MHz. This is solved easily by using Network Analyzer. For the future student who intent to continue this project could improve the memory of the tag and the reading distance of the tag so that the RFID technology could be improve to a whole new level.
Rekabentuk penyalun dilektrik 10 ghz yang mempunyai ayunan penimbal
(2005-03-01)
Wan Abdullah, Wan Mohd Afindi
This project is to design a dielectric resonator oscillator at frequency of 10 GHz. To make this oscillator, a dielectric oscillator is connected to an amplifier to create a positive loop feedback. In the design of this oscillator, an oscillator circuit was developed and tested to determine whether the citcuit oscillator or not. The amplifier circuit also has been designed and the gain was set to be greater than zero in order to ensure the circuit will have the desired output. Both of these circuits was be combined to create an oscillator. The circuit was tested again to ensure that the value of Gain from the circuit satisfied the specification and need. In designing the circuit layout, two circuit boards have been developed to test the puck that is being used. The first circuit board is using only one line fabrication and the second circuit board is using two lines fabrication. This circuit board was connected to the network analyzer to measure the frequency response of the puck.
Investigate instability behaviour in high power ldmos power amplifier
(2005-03-01)
Ab Rahman, Ida Idyuni
In this thesis the models of LDMOS power amplifier was been investigated using Advanced Design System (ADS) version 2004A software from Agilent Technologies for operation below 1 GHz frequency range. There are two models considered in this project. Both of the models were provided by Motorola. The two models are RD01MUS1 and RD07MVS1 based on a 59 mil LDMOS transistor using type of FR4 PCB Board. Large signal simulations of both models have demonstrated results, which lead to the conclusion that, these models cannot be efficiently utilised for design of input and output matching networks using Unilateral value for Conjugate Matching. However, there are other matching applications; Load Line Matching and Load Pull Analysis that can be used that have not been explored yet by the researcher due to time constraint. Hence, it is important to take into account during new processes of LDMOS as well as to improve the CAD model. The final conclusion regarding LDMOS cannot be made just based on these simulation results, since they are not in accordance with the published ones. The next step should be aimed at improving the model and further investigation of LDMOS to prove their ability to operate with optimum efficiency in above1 GHz frequency range.

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