Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraaan Elektrik dan Elektronik - Monograf

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Pengelog data untuk multi-meter digital
(2004-03-01)
Lai, Thiam Hee
A normal multimeter is used to measure the voltage and current of certain circuits and also the resistance across certain lines. As the world of electronics evolves, multimeter evolved from analog to digital. But how to incoporate the data measured from a digital multimeter into a computer? The answer to the above question is the datalogger of the digital multimeter. The datalogger is connected into the digital multimeter so that the data measured can be stored into its memory. Before the era of datalogger, some latest digital multimeters have serial interface ready. By linking the interface to the computer, one can get the recording of oscilloscope for slow signals. On the downside, the computer has to be present at the measurement location, and left running all the time. Besides, the digital multimeter occupies the serial port during the entire measurement. These disadvantages certainly points to wastage of computer resources. The datalogger designed will be free of these disadvantages. It can automatically captures the discrete measurement values supplied by the digital multimeter and puts them into permanent storage. When the need arises, the contents of the datalogger will then be downloaded into computer for data manipulation.
Penyingkiran ammonia, cod, ferum dan zink dengan menggunakan kombinasi zeolit dan karbon teraktif
(2005-03-01)
Sudar, Terry Solle
Leachate is the waste water that discharged through the solid waste of the landfill. The leachates have a high composition of pollutants such as ammonium, chloride, sulphate, ferrum, cadmium, zinc, lead and also the high level of BOD and COD. Thus, the effective treatment procedure is being introduced to ensure the minimum effect of water pollution. This research discusses the results of removal of ammonium, COD, iron and zinc by using the combination of zeolite and activated carbon as the removal.The research is important to identify the suitable substances for pollutant removal of leachate. The main objective of this research is to obtain the level of effectiveness and the best combination for zeolite and activated carbon in the leachate treatment process. Meanwhile, this research also use to identify the size and the optimum quantity of both combination of these two substances in order to achieve the high level of effectiveness by referred to the producing adsorption isotherm of Freundlinch and Langmuir. Beside that, the result also showed the percentage of removal for COD, ammonium, ferum and zinc which is the combination of 0.3g zeolite and 0.1g activated carbon are the best combination to remove ammonia, COD and zinc with 60%, 57% and 55% of total percentage respectively. While the combination of 0.1g zeolite and 0.3g activated carbon is the best combination to remove iron with 70% of total percentage. The outcomes of this research are suitable for more commercial way of leachate treatment in the future because of it efficiency and the reduction of costs.
Theory and application of magneto-optic techniques in the non contact measurement of current
(2005-03-01)
Munusamy, Narayanan
Although the use of semiconductor magnetic sensors and fiber optical devices for making quantitative industrial controls, navigation systems, medical imaging and land mine detection have been long established. There exists a body of other measurement capabilities for such devices, which have gone generally unnoticed. These involve measurement of current, charge carrier, magnetic flux, voltage and power which may be generally referred to as electrical quantities. The semiconductor magnetic sensors used to detect changes in current as big as 10.0A and on the other hand, the photo detector used to detects changes in light due to the variation of current as small as 1.0mA. Because of the measurement occurs contact less and a high temporal resolution is achievable, this sensor and optical techniques can open up a new perspectives in the field of real-time production metrology, for example controlling DC motor or a chemical process with saves in consuming time, manpower and money.
Mengecam dan membezakan tahap kematangan buah pisang menggunakan antena hon, pemuat dan rangkaian neural
(2005-03-01)
Mohd Jadi, Noorasimah
Antenna, capacitor and neural network can be used to classify and differentiate the maturity level of fruits. In accomplishing this project, there are two pyramidal horn antennas, one acts as a transmitter and the other acts as a receiver. The transmitter is connected to a signal generator while the receiver is connected to a spectrum analyzer as it will measure the microwave propagation towards the material that was tested which is a banana. At the same time the value of the capacitance of the banana is measured by using two parallel plates where the banana acts as dielectric. Then these two plates were connected to a RCL meter which is used to measure the banana capacitance of each maturity level. Lastly both data that were collected are used to train the neural network in classifying and differentiate the maturity level of the banana. Multilayer Perceptron is chosen as the type of neural network that was used in this project. MATLAB is another tool that will be used to train the neural network until the network to differentiate the fruit maturity level.
Design of a teaching kit for speed and position control of dc motor
(2005-03-01)
Gunasekaran, Pramila
Direct-current (DC) motors are the first type of motor built and still being used widely. Although, DC motor is more expensive compare to other motors, it is suitable for certain type of control system compare to other motors. The greatest advantage of DC motors is speed control and position control. Basically, these projects are divided into two parts: hardware implementation and software implementation. The hardware implementation is where signal applied will control speed and position by PID controller and the output will be displayed in the digital oscilloscope. This project also requires software implementations to display output signal in the computer panel which involves two microcontroller program. The microcontroller then programmed as an ADC converter and as serial data transmitter, also including Borland C++ Builder to plot a graph of the output signal taken.
Color image watermarking for copyright protection
(2005-03-01)
Chua, Tiong Kin
Watermarking is an effective and potential method for copyright protection in digital audio, image and video data. One of the media is digital image, where it can be copied and displayed widely while still maintaining the quality. Protections to these images become more and more important. One of the simple methods is to hide the data and then get back the data by owner itself, with certain secret key. The main objective of my project is to find out which color model representation is suitable apply the digital image watermarking for copyright protection. One of the watermarking techniques in frequency domain is applied. At the same time, the robustness of the implemented algorithm to the common image processing operation, example, filtering attack, noise attack, rotation attack, and lossy JPEG compression. Some images are used in the testing. Detailed description of every resulted image and watermark is show out in this report. Quality evaluation to the images is carried out and comparison is made. The quality metrics used in this project is PSNR.
Pemodelan sistem pintar untuk menentukan nilai pecahan minyak
(2005-03-01)
Mohamood, Nadzrie
The project title is modeling of an intelligent system for oil-fraction determination. The purpose of this project is to determine the fractions of oils in a pipeline containing two components, which are oil and gas. There are many types of flow regimes that could form in a pipeline such as stratified, core, annular, bubble, and homogenous flows. In this project all flow regimes need to be created by way of geometrical segments using program and will be fed into the Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) simulator to get a set of ECT data which is represented in the form of independent capacitance measurements. This project uses an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to solve the problem of oil-fraction determination. The entire work of this project realizes Matlab version 6.5.1 software. This project does not go through the image reconstruction stage to determine the oil-fraction. All those data from the ECT simulator will be divided into 3 categories to be used in learning process of ANN. 40% of the data are used for training, 20% for validation, and the remaining 40% for testing data. Each data division is done randomly. The ANN architecture used is Radial Basis Function (RBF). The RBF will be trained with the training data chosen before regarding to the various probability of fraction of oil in a vessel. The output is a value between 0 and 1, corresponding to the fraction of oil in a pipe cross section.
Rekabentuk pengelog data untuk solar panel
(2005-03-01)
Mohd Johari, Mohd Ridzuan
This report discusses a data logger design using a microcontroller that had been tested for measurement, storage and data analysis purpose. PIC16C73 microcontroller is combined with other chips to show a typical format for interface. Data input included measurement and recorded voltage, current and solar module power. This report discusses about theory and real application of data logger. Voltage divider concept is used to measure the output of solar module. This report also discusses about basic of data logger and it architecture such as measuring circuit, logger circuit and reader circuit. Data logger operation and its programming are discussed in this report. Indirectly this project contains two main elements hardware and software development.
E – dagang melalui telefon mudah alih menggunakan java 2 micro edition (j2me)
(2005-03-01)
Safiei, Siti Juliana
Handphone is now becoming one of the necessities of human life. Unlike years ago, the cost for handphone has significantly less as customer can get it for a mere few hundred dollars. What if the functionalities of the handphone can be expanded, for example, to support e-commerce. This project implements e-commerce support for buying parking ticket. Concerning implementation the project utilizes the JAVA 2 MICRO EDITION platform.
Indeks barah payudara menggunakan rangkaian neural hmlp
(2005-03-01)
Syed Radzuan, Syed Firdaus
Breast cancer is one of the major disease that contribute death among women around the globe nowadays. To solve this matter, breast cancer index is introduced. This software calculate the probability of someone being affected by breast cancer. Hybrid multilayered perceptron (HMLP) neural network is used to diagnosed and checked the data got from researchers. Besides that, by combining HMLP together with modified recursive prediction error (MRPE), this network will choose the optimum weight to get precise calculation and near to the real value. HMLP network is used because of its high confidence percentage and high accuracy if compared to other neural network. On top of that, this network is still new and the latest in neural network world. All the algorithms are programmed using Borland C++ Builder software. This software is an interface for the user who wishes to use this breast cancer software.
Antena dwi-jalur menggunakan kabel sepaksi
(2005-03-01)
Ahmad Ramli, Maisarah
Antenna using coaxial cable is extensively used in communication system. However the knowledge and characteristic about this type of antenna is not complete and therefore a comprehensive research is necessary. This project has examine the main characteristic of this antena such as the resonant frequency, input impedance and radiation pattern. This examine have been done to get the theoretical equivalent so that this antenna can be use as dual band antenna. The meaning of dual band antenna is it can be use in UHF (ultra high frequency) dan GPS (global positioning system). The research is done by measuring the resonant frequency for the model antenna. Then all the frequency data will be plot in graph to find the relationship that exist. The equivalent are successfully been create but it is not exact. The input impedance for this antenna also have been studied. Input impedance is one of the important parameter to know the capability of the antenna. Next are the reseach of the radiation pattern. The half wave dipole antenna will be use as the transmitter while the receiver is coaxial cable antenna.
Data acquisition system based on fpga
(2005-03-01)
Mahrus, Nuril Syahira
For undergraduate project, a data acquisition system based on FPGA has been developed. An analog data, which comes from power supply (in voltage signals) is gathered and then be converted to digital signals. This is done by ADC0809. This system is fully controlled by FPGA using the Xilinx Foundation Series 2.1, by Project Manager. The device used is XC4010 PC84 and the language used to develop the coding is VHDL code. Data from the ADC0809 (which is in digital form) will be processing to make sure that it can appear on LCD. To do this, the data first must be converted from the Hex code to the ASCII code. After the data has been converted to ASCII code, then it will be displayed on the LCD. At the same time, the data will be compared to a fix variable, which is 3F in Hex and equal to 1.24V.If the data is beyond the variable then LED will turning ON, and if the data is less than that (the variable), then the LCD will not turning ON. It is designed to show the monitoring system.
Design implemetation and study of a code (dpc) modulator and de-modulator using matlab and simulink
(2005-03-01)
Karuppayah, Nitiabalan
This thesis presents a detailed study of linear Pulse Code Modulation and also Differential Pulse Code Modulation using SIMULINK. Theoretical coding concepts are discussed extensively, each providing examples to accommodate better understanding of both PCM and DPCM concept. Non-linear PCM and DPCM cases are not discussed in this thesis. Basic introduction for the proposed systems are explained together with introduction to SIMULINK program. A step-by-step explanation of each stage is provided, along with accompanying visual parameter fields in the APPENDIX section. Two types of test input signals are given to both constructed models; namely, a sine wave of 100 radians/second and a simple ramp function. Each stage of the blocks operations are studied in detail and the outputs are presented in graphical waveforms. Signal-toQuantization Noise ratio is calculated for each system and compared. Arising problems, such as the need of amplitude equalization, during the implementation of these circuits are also mentioned, along with steps to overcome the mentioned irregularities and redundant results. Two types of tests can be done to reach the final conclusion; the first, an objective test, where SNR are calculated and graphical results are produced. The second test is a subjective test, where Mean Opinion Score (MOS) is obtained to verify whether the speech coding encoded is discernable to a human ear and determining the quality of the output. Differences between PCM and DPCM are stated based on the results obtained from the simulation of both systems; namely, in terms of bandwidth requirements, quantization noise, coding, simplicity of the implemented circuit, and also the quality of the output obtained.
Design of efficient baseline coders for image compression
(2005-03-01)
Tharmalingam, Vicknatheeban
Image compression is the process of reducing the number of bits required to represent an image. This can be achieved by reducing (or ideally, eliminating) various types of redundancy that exist in the imaging data. This research develops various types of down-sampling filters to compress the image and followed by up-sampling filters to decompress the image. The concept used to down-sample is by deleting either the odd or even numbered columns or rows. Besides that, the columns and rows are also deleted in two’s to further compress the image. The image is then up-sampled by using duplication or replacing the deleted row or columns with the average of other rows or columns. The compression ratio achieved through this research is 50% and 67%. The images are then compared by the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio and through observation to decide on the best type of filter. Through the research and results, it is proved that the filter that up-samples the image by replacing the deleted rows with the average of the two subsequent even numbered row has the best output.
An analysis of two dimensionality reduction techniques on the performance of neural network classifiers
(2005-03-01)
Ong, Siok Lan
This project involves an analysis of the effectiveness of two dimensionality reduction techniques, i.e., Principal Component Analysis as the standard approach and Random Projection as a recent technique. The study is based on the performance of two supervised neural network classifiers i.e., Standard Backpropagation and Fuzzy ARTMAP. A set of benchmark and real medical databases are used to evaluate the performance of the neural network models. The performance indicators used are percentage of correct classification, purity, and collective entropy. The Student’s two-tailed paired t-test is used to compare the significance of differences of the results. Based on the estimated 95% confidence intervals, a strong decision which eventually leads to a convincing conclusion on the performance of the dimensionality reduction techniques can be obtained. The perceived experimental results especially from the real medical data sets are encouraging enough to prove that Random Projection exhibits good performance as a dimensionality reduction technique. Surprisingly, Random Projection is effective on low dimensional data, and the outcomes are as good as Principal Component Analysis. A discussion on generalization of the results obtained is included, and a conclusion ensues. Recommendations are also included for further improvements and enhancements in the analysis of dimensionality reduction techniques.
Design of a 200watts, 12volts output voltage buck-boost dc-dc converter for photovaltaic application
(2005-03-01)
Lau, Phooi San
Solar energy becomes a very important source of power energy as the other power sources especially petroleum is decreasing. This brings to development of photovoltaic applications. To widen the usage of photovoltaic application, buckboost converter is an important device to stabilize performance of photovoltaic application that is depends on intensity of the sunshine. A buck-boost converter with 200W and 12V DC output voltage has been designed in this project to help in mentioned problem. This project included design of buck-boost converter, simulation of the circuit and building of hardware. SG 3524 is selected as the SMPS controller for the buck-boost converter. To generate square-wave from SG 3524, simple control circuit had to be designed and connected to the chip. Two types of switch, which are MOSFET and BJT, have been used to decide the most suitable configuration to drive a buck-boost converter. From experiments, PNP BJT is chosen as switch and drives the converter successfully. The output meets expected 12V DC output from varying input between 6V and 20V. Efficiency of this converter is varying between 91% and 47% depends on the varying input voltage. With this buck-boost converter, the input voltage can be stabilized at level 12V by controlled of duty cycle of switching waveform.
Rekabentuk penguat hingar rendah (lna) cmos beraruhan merosot bebezaan penuh untuk penerima wcdma
(2005-03-01)
Law, Eng Hui
A 2.1 GHz low noise amplifier (LNA), intended for use in a Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) receiver has been implemented in 0.18μm RF process. The amplifier provides a forward gain (S21) of 11.42dB with a noise figure of only 1.7dB and drawing 12.66mA from a 1.8V supply voltage. The 1dB-compression point of the LNA is -9.82dB. In this thesis, detailed analysis of the LNA architecture will be presented. The LNA employed an inductive source degeneration topology, that is, a degenerative inductor is used to provide 50Ω input impedance matching. An advantage of this method is that unlike other methods, it does not bring with it the thermal noise of an ordinary resistor because a pure reactance is noiseless. This LNA uses differential architecture rather than single-ended architecture to provide better common-mode rejection ratio. The main problem faced in the project was to obtain a 50Ω input and output impedance while maintaining the gain to be in the range of 10dB to 15dB. This gain specification is to ensure that the LNA provide enough gain but not too high as to avoid nonlinearity that can cause distortion. LNA should not consume too much power to have good portability. Finally, the performance of the designed low noise amplifier meets all of the specification.
Sistem pemprosesan imej perubatan
(2005-03-01)
Khalid, Rohaida
Breast cancer is one of the main causes to women death nowadays. Medical specialist uses mammogram and ultrasound screening to detect and identifying the breast tumour. Cervical cancer is second causes to women death. Pap test is used to detect the biological changes of cervical cell. However, sometime medical specialist faces difficulties in analyzing the mammogram, ultrasound and Pap smear images. Medical images, which are analyzed by Radiologist and Patalogist are normally affected by unwanted noise and blur such as blood and sometimes the images are too dark or too bright. These factors contribute to error diagnosis or screening. Therefore, project proposes “Medical Images Processing System” using Borland C++ Builder version 6 to increase the problems. This user-friendly system is developed to improve the weaknessess which occur during the medical images processing. Image processing techniques such as filtering are provided in the system, contrast enhancement, boundary segmentation and edge detection. The results show that the proposed succesfully improved the tumour contrast, segmented the tumour, detected the tumour edges and reduce unwanted noise of the medical images.
Development of a pressure-based typing biometrics system for user authentication
(2005-03-01)
Loy, Chen Change
Password authentication is the most prevalently used identification system in today’s cyber world. In spite of the popularity of this approach there are many inherent flaws. The password plays the role as the key to a lock; anyone who has it can gain successful access. Additionally, passwords can be easily cracked, guessed, stolen or deliberately shared. To minimize the risk of intrusion, keystroke dynamics can be used to complement this popular authentication method. As the name implies, it is an automated biometric method that analyzes the way a person types on a keyboard. There have been a lot of studies on using keystroke timing characteristics to verify the identity of a user. In this project keystroke pressure (the amount of force exerted on each key pressed) was employed, and its performance was compared with that of the conventional keystroke timings-based technique. The project also investigated the use of combined keystroke pressure and latency for the identification process. In order to measure the forces exerted during typing, a pressure-sensitive keyboard system was developed. A user interface that simulates actual login environment was used to collect data from 100 users. All users were requested to enter the same password. Three different classification methods were applied, namely Logistic Regression (LR), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and Fuzzy ARTMAP (FAM) neural networks. The results were very encouraging, with a maximum accuracy rate of 93.9% achieved by using FAM. Keystroke latency gave better results than keystroke pressure, but using both techniques together yielded the best results, with False Acceptance Rate (FAR) of 0.87% and False Rejection Rate (FRR) of 4.4%. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed methods are promising, and that the keystroke pressure is a viable and practical way to add more security to conventional typing biometrics authentication system.
Development of web-based e-learning on design of experiment technique; case of randomized complete block design (rcbd)
(2005-03-01)
Muhd. Nordin, Nor Ilyana
In research and development, often half of the resources are spent on solving optimization problems. With the rapidly rising costs of making experiments, it is essential that the optimization is done with as few experiments as possible. This is one important reason why Design of Experiments (DOE) is needed. In certain field there are circumstances in which the experimenter would like to screen factors to decide which are the most important. In these situations the engineering model of DOE is useful. These all signify the importance of DOE. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and Latin Square Design are DOE blocking techniques. This project has a vision of educating its viewer through a different environment of learning the subject of RCBD and Latin Square Design. Materials are explored from various resources that can be found in books and in the internet just to ensure the webpage provide sufficient and refer to reliable information. It proved that the materials included in the webpage combines all resources so that the webpage is ensured to cover entire concept behind both topics. With interactive links to relate one slide to the other, viewers are directed clearly from one page to the other until they have covered the whole topics in RCBD and Latin Square Design that stated in the research scope. Besides, there are also sections to test the understanding of the viewer that are named after “Do It Yourself”. In this section, complete solutions are provided for each problem, so that the viewer can check their solution with the solutions provided in the webpage. Other than learning, there are also slides provided for relaxations that are named after “Take 5”. These slides provide refreshment for viewers because its contents can lighten up their mind. Moreover, the overall structure of the webpage is well organized and viewers are ensured not to getting lost while surfing the webpage. The whole webpage design, development and its content are arranged in a way that is hoped to facilitate and add up to viewers’ awareness of the concept behind the application of RCBD and Latin Square Design. Above all, the webpage is expected to give new and clear lessons for those who are not familiar with the subject and also add up to current knowledge of the subject for those who familiar with the subject. It is also hoped that the webpage can be recommended as one of the useful resources for RCBD and Latin Square Design.

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