Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraaan Elektrik dan Elektronik - Monograf

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Pengelog data untuk multi-meter digital
(2004-03-01)
Lai, Thiam Hee
A normal multimeter is used to measure the voltage and current of certain circuits and also the resistance across certain lines. As the world of electronics evolves, multimeter evolved from analog to digital. But how to incoporate the data measured from a digital multimeter into a computer? The answer to the above question is the datalogger of the digital multimeter. The datalogger is connected into the digital multimeter so that the data measured can be stored into its memory. Before the era of datalogger, some latest digital multimeters have serial interface ready. By linking the interface to the computer, one can get the recording of oscilloscope for slow signals. On the downside, the computer has to be present at the measurement location, and left running all the time. Besides, the digital multimeter occupies the serial port during the entire measurement. These disadvantages certainly points to wastage of computer resources. The datalogger designed will be free of these disadvantages. It can automatically captures the discrete measurement values supplied by the digital multimeter and puts them into permanent storage. When the need arises, the contents of the datalogger will then be downloaded into computer for data manipulation.
Design of digital to analog converter (dac) for integrated bluetooth applications using 0.18μm cmos technology
(2005-03-01)
Low, Pit Xing
Digital to analog converter (DAC) is one of the important elements in thecommunication circuits. In this project, a digital to analog converter which operates with 1.8V voltage supply is implemented based on 0.18μm Silterra CMOS process technology. The implemented digital to analog converter is an 8-bit parallel inputs R-2R architecture converter. The digital to analog converter operates with a reference voltage and provides a current output. An operational amplifier is connected at the output end of the R-2R network to convert the output current to suitable output voltage. This operational amplifier is a current mirror op-amp with open loop dc voltage gain of 24.64dB. Besides, this op-amp achieves bandwidth of 21.5MHz, with the power consumption of 0.85mW. The mentioned reference voltage is established by another circuit block which known as bandgap reference voltage circuit. This bandgap reference voltage circuit is simply composed of CMOS transistors, op-amp, resistors and diodes. The overall D/A converter circuit has the settling time 8ns, which means the data sampling rate of 125MHz, with power consumption of 31.356mW. The schematic entry and simulation of the whole DAC circuits is done using the software Cadence, Virtuoso and Spectre.
Penghasilan peta pintar (i-map) untuk universiti sains malaysia kampus kejuruteraan menggunakan pengintegrasian cad dan imej satelit resolusi tinggi untuk pembangunan masa hadapan
(2005-03-01)
Ibrahim, Irwan Hadi
The purpose of this project is to develop a GIS database for Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Engineering Campus. The data base is important for information storage, archive and management about USM Engineering Campus. The main software that had been used in this project are ArcView GIS And Idrisi GIS. The result shows that the system can perform query and analysis about the campus development. Comparison with the as-built map has also been done. All the spatial information was integrated in a digital form and can be uploaded into a data base. The Integration between ArcView GIS and Idrisi GIS using information from archive has created a GIS data base which is consumer friendly and up to date.
Antena pintar
(2005-03-01)
Khalid, Ahmad Khairol Azhani
This project is about a developing an antena. It’s called smart antenna. This antenna has 6 patch element on it. Smart antenna having a wide angular range and high gain value that is 6 dBic. Smart antenna has a pattern that is not fixed, but adapts to the current radion conditions. The technique is a simple switching between predefined beams to optimum beamforming. This technique can decrease power loss because the beam is only be radiated toward the user only, the power radiated in other directions will be exprienced as interference by other users. Smart antenna will directing a beam toward the comunication partner only. Smart antena can increase the capacity, increase the range,prepare a new service, security and reduced multipath propagation. Smart antenna be designed as thin, compact, small and simple because it will be mounted on bullet train, ship and car roof.
Rekabentuk penguat hingar rendah (lna) cmos beraruhan merosot bebezaan penuh untuk penerima wcdma
(2005-03-01)
Law, Eng Hui
A 2.1 GHz low noise amplifier (LNA), intended for use in a Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) receiver has been implemented in 0.18μm RF process. The amplifier provides a forward gain (S21) of 11.42dB with a noise figure of only 1.7dB and drawing 12.66mA from a 1.8V supply voltage. The 1dB-compression point of the LNA is -9.82dB. In this thesis, detailed analysis of the LNA architecture will be presented. The LNA employed an inductive source degeneration topology, that is, a degenerative inductor is used to provide 50Ω input impedance matching. An advantage of this method is that unlike other methods, it does not bring with it the thermal noise of an ordinary resistor because a pure reactance is noiseless. This LNA uses differential architecture rather than single-ended architecture to provide better common-mode rejection ratio. The main problem faced in the project was to obtain a 50Ω input and output impedance while maintaining the gain to be in the range of 10dB to 15dB. This gain specification is to ensure that the LNA provide enough gain but not too high as to avoid nonlinearity that can cause distortion. LNA should not consume too much power to have good portability. Finally, the performance of the designed low noise amplifier meets all of the specification.
Sistem pemprosesan imej perubatan
(2005-03-01)
Khalid, Rohaida
Breast cancer is one of the main causes to women death nowadays. Medical specialist uses mammogram and ultrasound screening to detect and identifying the breast tumour. Cervical cancer is second causes to women death. Pap test is used to detect the biological changes of cervical cell. However, sometime medical specialist faces difficulties in analyzing the mammogram, ultrasound and Pap smear images. Medical images, which are analyzed by Radiologist and Patalogist are normally affected by unwanted noise and blur such as blood and sometimes the images are too dark or too bright. These factors contribute to error diagnosis or screening. Therefore, project proposes “Medical Images Processing System” using Borland C++ Builder version 6 to increase the problems. This user-friendly system is developed to improve the weaknessess which occur during the medical images processing. Image processing techniques such as filtering are provided in the system, contrast enhancement, boundary segmentation and edge detection. The results show that the proposed succesfully improved the tumour contrast, segmented the tumour, detected the tumour edges and reduce unwanted noise of the medical images.
Design of power amplifier (pa) front-end transmitter for cdma application at 900mhz using 0.18 micron cmos technology
(2005-03-01)
Zahari, Muhamad Iskandar
Recent efforts in the design of integrated circuits for RF communication transceivers have focused on achieving higher levels of integration by including more and more analog functional blocks onto a single silicon CMOS chip. One of the final blocks that have yet to be successfully integrated is the power amplifier. The power amplifier is the final functional block in the transmit path and its function is to amplify the signal to be transmitted to the required transmit power level. In general, power amplifiers are difficult to integrate in CMOS because of technology limitations that severely limit the efficiency of the power amplifier. This thesis describes theoretical analysis and circuit techniques for the design and implementation of RF Class C power amplifier in CMOS technologies. There are very few methods exist for designing Class C power amplifier in the past, much of the design process has been empirical. The theoretical work in this thesis attempts to describe a method for designing a Class C power amplifier in CMOS without resorting to blind use of a circuit simulator. A 900MHz CMOS power amplifier was designed using Silterra 0.18µm RF MOSFET. This design is simulated using Cadence Design tool. In this simulation, the peak efficiency of the power amplifier was 37.7%. The power amplifier did meet the spectral mask requirements of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) cellular communications system for which it was designed. The power gain that had been achieved is 34.74 dB and meets the power amplifier specification for CDMA application.
Pengenalpastian bakteria tibi
(2005-03-01)
Mohammad, Nazrul Hilmi
This project has benefited from a number of individuals who gave generously their time and expertise, and the following persons deserve special mentions. My highest thanks goes to Associate Professor Umi Kalthum Ngah, my project supervisor who has done a lot to facilitate me for the whole duration of the project, right from the day I was assigned the project title, next to the implementation of the project, and further to the completion of this dissertation. I would also like to thank Dr. Suraiya Mohd. Noor from the School of Medicine for facilitating me during the data acquisition activity. Also, I must express my appreciation to Dr. Nor Ashidi Mat Isa who has been assigned as the second examiner for my project, for his willingness to examine this dissertation and attend my presentation alongside my project supervisor. Furthermore, my acknowledgement extends to my dearest counterparts, Tina Zahani Zainuddin and Syed Mohamad Hatmi Syed Zainal Abidin, under the supervision of the same supervisor as mine, for their bits of suggestions and constructive criticisms that helped me quite a lot to improve my project. Thanks also to the Final Year Project Coordinator for this term, Associate Professor Dr. Mohd. Yusof Mashor who provided general guidelines on the project development, particularly on the rules and standards in writing this dissertation. Last but not least, my undying thanks to all other individuals whom have not been mentioned here in particular for their own bit of direct and indirect contribution in this project.
Direct conversion receiver
(2005-03-01)
Wan Khairuddin, Wan Nur Hafsha
Direct conversion receiver is a receiver system that is widely used for wireless communication.Direct conversion receiver replaced the architecture of superheterodyne receiver.The objectives of my project is to do analysis of IQ Demodulator IC model LT5516 produced by Linear Technology and also the analysis of direct conversion receiver system using LT5516 to see the performance of this receiver.The test circuit for LT5516 is designed using printed circuit board (PCB). Narrowband balun structure is designed for input of RF signal and LO signal.Air core inductor is used for balun design.The analysis of LT5516 cannot be done because the connection between the LT5516 pads and printed circuit board cannot be done so that the test circuit cannot function without the connection of this LT5516 IC.The LT5516 IC cannot be soldered on printed circuit board because the size of the IC is too small (4mmx4mm). The soldering method used is not effective but I still used this method because there are no other technology in this campus. LT5516 pads are connected to printed circuit board using wire-wrap as the conductor.Wire-wrap is soldered to LT5516 pads and connected to PCB pads but lastly IC LT5516 cannot be soldered on PCB because the IC pads are small and resulted the soldering joint.To solve this problem I decreased the amount of solder but the wire wrap could not stick on IC pads.Other components are soldered on PCB pads but the analysis still cannot be done without this IC LT5516. Aluminium box is designed for this test circuit .The aluminium box isdesigned to avoid radiation that will effect the output signal.The calculation for band pass filter and low pass filter are include in this report even they cannot be applied because the circuit not function and cannot be analyze.The suggestions also include at the end of the report to ensure that the direct conversion receiver can function well and can be analyze to see the performance of direct conversion receiver.
Design of bandpass fir digital filter
(2005-03-01)
Sahamir, Sheila Rita
This work is concerned with the design of digital bandpass FIR filter using three differents method; Window, Optimal and Frequency sampling. Besides, the filter will be designed using MATLAB Version 6.5.1 that available in the School of Electrical and Electronic, Engineering. The project then will compare the merit and de-merit of each method. The project also has a simple step-by-step guide for designing bandpass FIR digital filter. From the given specification, we will calculate the appropriate parameters that will be used in MATLAB programming. Basically, there are five steps involve in designing digital filter such as specification of the filter requirements, calculation of suitable filter coefficients, performs the suitable realization structure for the filter, analysis the effects of finite wordlength on the filter performance and implementation in software and/ or hardware. It has been found that the Optimal method of this design of FIR digital filter provides the best result as it produces filter which meet the specification with the least number of coefficient. The suitable filter realization will be used is transversal filter that is the most widely using in implementation of the digital filter.
Meter kuasa maya
(2005-03-01)
Elias, Mohd Rizwan
The main objective of this project is to develop virtual power meter through the application of software system. This software is very useful for monitoring and observing energy usage of a load. Beside that, billing system for the energy used is also being developed. The software system is connected into serial port and communicating with microcontroller PIC16F877 through connector pin DB-9 RS232. This microcontroller is then communicating with measurement circuit and device under test. The software interface will open the serial port by sending open port command to enable communication with PIC16F877. Multiplexing circuit convert the analog input signal into digital signal. Transmitting and receiving data between software interface and microcontroller is based on full-duplex communication through a serial port using Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter (USART) chip, in a formatted ASCII file and the data is been stored for every hour reading for the future monitoring and reference. Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 interface is used thoroughly, because of its simplicity and user friendly concept. Beside that, it is based on database concept which is useful in storing information for calculating monthly bill and able to capture the input and output reading for electrical parameters from the load tested. The manual billing system and user record storing are also designed in accordance to the standard of Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB).
Remote control time delay switch with sensor
(2005-03-01)
Khoo, Welix
The infrared remote control is commonly seen around the house nowadays. Its usage can be seen ranging from TV, video player, CD player and so on. Recently, even the fans have employed the usage of infrared remote control. However, all of these infrared remote controls can only control one and only one electrical appliances at once. Thus, it will be more useful to design an infrared remote control learning switch that has the ability to learn the code from different infrared remote control sets and perform switching operations when data are sent. This project is dedicated to implementing switching using any infrared remote control in the market. It has a learning ability which makes it user friendly and eliminates the restriction whereby the user needs to use a dedicated infrared remote control. The user can use any infrared remote control to control four of the switches. Apart from that, by using a light sensor, implemented using a light dependant resistor (LDR) it can also scan the light intensity from the environment and turn on or off a light as needed. The amount of light intensity that is needed to turn off the lights can also be adjusted from the light sensor via a variable resistor. This gives the user freedom to adjust the light sensor to suit their needs. The design also comes with a door sensor where when activated, will sense the number of people going into a room. Once the first person enters the room, it will turn on the light. And when the last person exits the room, the lights will turn off automatically. Although this project is discussed mainly using lights, in practice, it can be used with any loads and have been tested with both inductive and resistive loads. The design is controlled using the Microchip PIC 16F84A microcontroller. The programming is done using the PIC microcontroller assembly language and the hardware used to flash the hex code into the microcontroller is the F84 programmer. The program used to flash the hex code into the microcontroller is Nigel Goodwin’s WinPICProg version 1.91. As for the switching part, triac switch and relay switch are also discussed here.
Theory, design, fabrication and testing of capacitive pressure transducer
(2005-03-01)
Virachami, Moganadass
Transducers are predominantly used as sensors, because with a few exceptions, their efficiency of conversion is very low and to achieve a higher efficiency of conversion, transducers need to use the electrical signals to the amplifier. The piezoelectric device (pressure sensing) is also a useful transducer (can be used in either direction). Transducer use of piezoelectric crystals is mainly confined to the conversion between pressure waves in a liquid or gas and electrical AC signals. The conversion of energy from an electrical form into stress can be achieved by the magnetically cored solenoids. Pressure Transducer operates to convert the physical variable pressure into an electrical output signal that is proportional to the pressure measurement. The output supply is in form of current or voltage signals. Standard signals allow combining transducers, controllers, computers or stored program controllers (SPC) of different manufacturers without incurring any problem. The standardization simplifies both works as the manufacturers and also as the designer or any company operating instruments and plants. Capacitive Pressure Transducer operates as a pressure sensing device which senses the changes of capacitance according to the changes of pressure applied to the transducer. The measurement of these changes (output) is defined in form of voltage signal using a special measurement circuit is build out of operational amplifiers, resistors, capacitors and switch. The measurement results and conclusion of the project conducted on the capacitive pressure transducer is presented in the last part of this report together with design of the pressure transducer and the measurement circuit.
Pakej perisian pemprosesan imej untuk kanser payudara
(2005-03-01)
Abu Seman, Noorhidayati
Breast cancer is one of the common disease among woman nowadays. Cancer can be detected by using a method called Pap test. This method or test also has a few weaknesses such as blurness and disturbance from any area that undesirable in the process. This will gives effect to the diagnosis and the result that have been done. Through this project, a Pap smear processing image was developed using Borland C++ Builder in order to reduce the weaknesses. At the same time, a technique of enhancing the contrast of the image and filtering has been implemented to the Pap smear image to upgrade the image quality. The filtering process is very useful for any image that has a disturbance while being or after processed. Algorithms that have been used to enhanced the contrast are contrast stretching, bright stretching, dark stretching, histogram equalization and color saturation modification. Algorithms that being used to enhance the filtering processed are high pass filter, low pass filter and also the median filter. This process shows that this technique have successfully enhanced the image quality from the Pap smear images.
Design and analysis of discrete high slew rate low noise voltage regulator for rf transceiver system
(2005-03-01)
Mohamad Noor, Mardiana
Communication system consists of various circuits and having a good and regulated source is crucial in order to get the desired signals at the output. The common problems in getting such good sources are spikes, ripple and fluctuating DC input. Linear voltage regulator is a source circuit to supply a steady, constant output. In addition to its basic function, an attempt to implement its usage in the radio frequency circuits has been made through out this project. Three regulator circuits have been designed, which are negative voltage regulator, positive voltage regulator and ripple rejection voltage regulator. The basic schematics for these circuits were implemented from two types of integrated chips; LM317 and µA723. The positive voltage regulator is used to detect positive peak of ripple input voltage and negative voltage regulator performs vice versa task. Ripple rejection voltage regulator acts as an auto-ripple rejecter circuit, which will reject the ripple detected by positive and negative voltage regulators and supply smooth and constant input to the next circuitry. As the gain of the ripple rejection voltage regulator is very small compared to the input voltage, this regulator also can be applied in the gain compression circuit. Those circuits designed in this project are direct transformation from the schematics used in the low frequencies to the design using microstrips for RF circuits.
Rekabentuk pengukur jarak kedalaman air
(2005-03-01)
Ridzuan, Mohd Ikmal
Objective for design a water depth meter is to measure depth of water. In this project there is a certain circuit that have been design. Such as, circuit in generate and transmit division and circuit in receive and amplify division. All of this circuit is control by Microcontroller BASIC STAMP 2 (BS2). Pulse wave is the medium to measure depth of water. In this project pulse wave that has been generate by timer 555. Frequency for this pulse is 2 kHz. Comparator LM339 has been use in this circuit. Input positive is connect to output of the timer 555 and negative input is connect to voltage divider circuit and pin ‘0’ BS2. After timer generate the pulse, output of this timer is connected to comparator circuit for control the pulse to transmit. After the transmit speaker transmit the pulse signal hit water bed and reflect and then receive by receiver speaker. This receive signal will amplified in the two stage amplifier. In this project LM358 has been use to amplified the receive signal. Output of this amplifier connect to comparator. In receiver division also used comparator LM 339. Output of this comparator is connect to the pin ‘1’ BS2. In the an microcontroller will translate the signal and measure the depth of water.
High voltage distribution system for loss reduction
(2005-03-01)
Che Wan Osman, Che Wan Mohd Nor Sofian
Electricity is modern society’s most convenient and useful form of energy. Without it, the present social infrastructure would not all be feasible. The increasing per capita consumption of electricity throughout the world reflects a growing standard of living of the people. The optimum utilization of this form of energy can only be ensured by effective distribution systems. A distribution system is the one from which the power is distributed to various consumers through feeders, distributors and service mains. Feeders are conductors of large current carrying capacity carrying the current in bulk to the feeding points. Distributors are conductors from which the current is tapped off the supply to the consumer premises. Because of lower voltage, and hence higher current, the I2R loss in the distribution system is significantly high compared to that of a high-voltage transmission system. The pressure of improving the overall efficiency of power distribution has forced the power utilities to reduce the loss, especially at the distribution level. The I2R loss in a distribution system can be reduced by network reconfiguration. The reconfiguration changes the path of power flow from source to the loads. A program has been developed based on MATLAB program to do the analysis in this project.The perfomance of the proposed method was investigated on distribution system consisting of 33 buses and it was found that a significant loss saving can be achieved by using a of High Voltage Distribution System.
Rekabentuk sistem perlindungan kilat
(2005-03-01)
Mohd Fadzil, Mohd Fazli
Lightning strike is one of the phenomenons that can cause damage of properties, badly injury, and also the death. Cause of that, all the buildings which have more than 3 floors, must equip with the lightning conductor. For this project, one investigation have made to the area of Sport Centre of University Science Malaysia, Engineering Campus which doesn’t have the lightning protector. From that investigation, football field 1, football field 2 and rugby field have a high risk of lightning strike. In addition, these fields always full with the student everyday and definitely it is so dangerous. In this project, I have designed the lightning protection system which will protect the people who play at the fields of Sport Center. This system is divided by two sections. First section will responsible to protect the goal side. It is designed with 20 m high of iron net along the field wide. The second section will protect the center of the field. It has 20 meter high of two flag-poles at each side of field. Those flag poles and the iron net are equipped with the earth system for the over-current when the lightning strike occurs. From this project, the risk of lightning strike to people is less and safe for people to play at any time and any weather.
Pengaruh arus harmonik terhadap pembacaan meter kwh analog
(2005-03-01)
Koay, Boon Kit
This final year project deals with effect of harmonic current on reading of analogue kWh meter. In the project, derivation of complex mathematic equation is not included but analysis is made based on the experimental results. A rectifier (which has adjustable capacitor and adjustable resistor connected in parallel as the load) is connected with kWh meter. The meter is then connected with pure sinusoidal voltage source, 50Hz, 240V. The rectifier represents the non-linear loads we use in daily life. When changing the resistance and the capacitance of the loads, the magnitude of the current and the value of total harmonic distortion will change as well. In the situation where the RMS current is not being changed, the change of active power when total harmonic distortion is increased is being compared. The active power refers to that of theoretical active power and that of sensed by the kWh meter. Besides that, the error percentage of kWh meter reading when total harmonic distortion is increased is studied too. In this project, voltage source is assumed not polluted with harmonic content.
Teaching stethoscope
(2005-03-01)
Palaniappan, Sivakumar
Teaching Stethoscope is one of the latest biomedical gadgets which have been constructed in this project. This project is implemented by constructing hardware and software design. Basically, this project is divided into three categories which are signal amplification, wireless transmission and computer display. The components that involve in constructing hardware are stethoscope, microphone, instrumentation amplifier, buffer, integrator, low pass filter, audio amplifier and speaker. This part is the heart of the project whereby the signal will be captured through microphone and amplified with the instrumentation amplifier. It will be then filtered by an integrator and low-pass circuit below 200 Hz to reduce the noise. There will be two approaches of displaying the signal in the computer which is MATLAB and Microcontroller 89C51. This analog signal will be converted to digital signal by ADC before it is sent to the microcontroller. By using microcontroller 89C51 as data connection heart pulse are shown in LABVIEW software. The second option will be connecting the hardware to computer through microphone jack and display it through MATLAB in a pulse form. Wireless transmission involves the implementation of FM transmitter and FM receiver. Finally, output signal from the FM receiver will be amplified by using audio amplifier to be heard through the speaker.

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