Pusat Penyelidikan Biokimia Analisis - Tesis

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Elucidation And Comparison Of Proteome Profiles In Normal, Precancerous And Cervical Cancer Tissues
(2024-04)
Gaayathri A/P Kumarasamy
The aim of this study was to determine the protein profiles and differentially expressed proteins in the normal cervix, HPV-associated squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) which is precancerous and cervical cancer, extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues.
Extraction, Characterisation And Bioactivity Assessment Of Pectic-Polysaccharide From Cinnamomum Verum Using Deep Eutectic Solvent–Microwave Assisted Approach
(2025-09)
Beh, Chi Kin
The cosmetics market exhibited increasing demand in natural-based product with excellent anti-hyperpigmentation effects. Meanwhile, the research community is venturing on extraction solvents that is eco-sustainable. Despite increasing interest, a Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) specifically tailored for polysaccharide extraction remained undeveloped. In response, a novel acidic DES was synthesized from cost-effective, readily available components: citric acid monohydrate and L-glutamic acid in a 1:1 molar ratio, using microwave-assisted heating (10 min, 360 W). The resulting DES exhibited an orange hue, attributed to the involvement of the Maillard reaction during synthesis, indicating a synergistic interaction between the parent compounds. Characterization revealed that the DES is hydrophilic and acidic, with full water miscibility. Physicochemical evaluations included pH, density, solubility, rheological behaviour, and FTIR spectroscopy, alongside Maillard reaction assessments. Molecular docking analysis further supported the presence of a robust hydrogen-bond network between the amine and carboxyl groups of glutamic acid, carboxyl groups of citric acid, and water molecules, stabilizing the supramolecular structure. This newly synthesized DES demonstrated strong potential for both laboratory-based research and scale-up for polysaccharide extraction
Microwave-Assisted Extraction Of Polysaccharide From Cinnamomum Cassia With Anti-Hyperpigmentation Properties
(2023-06)
Al Ajalein Alhareth Abdulraheem Salem
Polysaccharides with anti-hyperpigmentation properties have not been reported elsewhere. The current study extracted the polysaccharides from Cinnamomum cassia bark using microwave-assisted approach, and optimized the extraction parameters (i.e. microwave power, irradiation time and buffer-to-sample (B:S) ratio) based on Box-Behnken design to obtain polysaccharides with high anti-hyperpigmentation activities, antioxidant activity, sun protection factor (SPF) as well as the extraction yield.
Optimization Extraction Conditions Andcharacterization Ofanti-Hyperpigmentation Polysaccharidefrom From Callisia Repens
(2025-09)
Li, Cheng
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are promising green media for extraction. This study aimed to synthesize a novel acidic DES from aspartic acid and citric acid, characterize its physical and chemical traits, assess its phytotoxicity, and explore its suitability for polysaccharide extraction. Two heating methods, i.e., conventional and microwave heating were investigated for DES formation. Only microwave heating at 270 W for 6 min using 3:1 molar ratio (citric acid : aspartic acid) successfully formed the DES. The synthesized DES appears orange, has a density of 1.44 g.ml-1 and high viscosity of 11665 Pa.s. It is soluble in polar solvents, with a dissociation temperature of 119.0 ℃. Interestingly, a Maillard reaction occurred during DES synthesis beyond hydrogen bonding, in which LC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of Maillard by-products. Browning index and pH reduction further confirmed the chemical changes beyond conventional DES formation. This unconventional DES showed no phytotoxicity based on wheat seed germination and provided good polysaccharide-solubilizing properties. Furthermore, the synthesized DES was used to obtain polysaccharides from Callisia repens with anti-tyrosinase activity, sun protection factor (SPF), and antioxidant activity.
Protein And Glycan Profiling Of Natural Rubber Latex From Malaysian Hevea Clone, Rrim 2025
(2024-10)
Afandi, Nur Syafiqah Mohd
Hevea brasiliensis is an original rubber crop from south america that is mostly cultivated in southeast asia, including malaysia, the sixth largest producer in the world. This species is grown for its rubber latex and wood for consumer sectors such as tyres, gloves, and furniture, contributing to malaysia’s export earnings of rm17.8 billion in 2019. H. Brasiliensis is the most productive rubber-producing crop with the highest rubber content (%) with 15-30 (w/w dwt) compared to the other alternative types, such as guayule, and dandelion. Natural rubber latex (nrl) of h. Brasiliensis is made of 5% non-isoprene species, comprising many unique proteins widely investigated on their allergenicity. Protein function is heavily determined by its post-translational modifications (ptms), with one of the most significant ptms being glycosylation. Despite its importance in biological processes, nrl's qualitative aspect of protein, especially glycan, is poorly known because of its macro- and microheterogeneity complexes. Hence, to explore the proteome and glycoproteome of the nrl of h. Brasiliensis, mass spectrometry analyses were conducted on the hevea clone rrim 2025 which is known for high rubber yield and large girth
Structure-Function Relationship Between Natural Rubber Polymer And Proteins In The Latex Of Malaysian Hevea Clones
(2025-10)
Habib, Mohd Afiq Hazlami
Natural rubber obtained from the latex of hevea brasiliensis is of major importance to human civilisation. Proteomics analyses of h. Brasiliensis latex have revealed the major proteins responsible for the various biological pathways, such as rubber biosynthesis, defence against pathogens, stress tolerance, and wound healing. The characteristics of several of the hevea clones in malaysia remain undiscovered, especially in the aspect of their rubber molecular weight and latex protein differential abundance. A comprehensive proteomics and molecular weight distribution analysis was conducted on the latex of three hevea clones grown in malaysia: pb350, rrim3001 and rrim2025, according to their age groups of 5, 7 and 10 years old. The molecular weight of rubber from all samples shows a decreasing trend the older the plant grows older, ranging between 9.76×105 da to 29.26×105 da. The molecular weight distribution shows a unimodal distribution among all samples. A total of 619 unique proteins were identified from all samples, ranging from 127 to 286 proteins. Label-free quantification identified 50 differentially accumulated proteins amongst the different clones and age groups. Comparison analysis indicated that the molecular weight of the rubber is negatively correlated with the abundance level of the rubber biosynthesis-related proteins.
Synthesis Of Choline Chloride-acetic Acid Based Deep Eutectic Solvent (Des) For The Extraction Of Bioactive Polysaccharide From Garcinia Atroviridis Fruit
(2024-09)
Razak, Nur Qistina Abdul
The fruit of Garcinia atroviridis was identified as a potential source of bioactive polysaccharides. This study explored the ability of these polysaccharides (referred to as GAP) to inhibit pancreatic lipase and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), both of which are important in managing obesity and hypertension. The extraction of GAP was optimized using a microwave-assisted process involving deep eutectic solvents (DES). The study was promoted to prepare deep eutectic solvents (DES) from choline chloride and acetic acid in 1:2, 1:3, 1:4. The physicochemical properties of the resulting DES were fully characterized. The interaction of the DES components by hydrogen bonds was confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and changes in wavenumbers of their functional groups. Moreover, these DES were shown to be hydrophilic and could dissolve in water with high polarity while having compatibility with many of semi-polar solvents. the DES demonstrates excellent potential for extraction applications due to its low pH and polar nature. Therefore, DES is a promising medium for extracting GAP. The yield of GAP was then extracted and the result concluded that the experimental yield of GAP (24.33%) closely matched the predicted yield (24.88%), confirming the accuracy of the extraction model. GAP was found to have a high molecular weight (28.15 ± 3.17 kDa) and viscosity (3.171 ± 1.23 Pa·s), along with a significant branching size (6.39 ± 0.030). These characteristics suggest that GAP can form complex structures that effectively inhibit enzyme activity by physically blocking the enzymes from accessing their substrates, thereby slowing down their function. In laboratory tests, GAP demonstrated significant inhibitory effects, reducing pancreatic lipase activity by 79.41% and ACE activity by 81.23%. These results indicate that GAP has strong potential for use in developing anti-obesity and antihypertensive treatments. Further optimization of GAP's bioactivity led to even better results, with optimized GAP inhibiting pancreatic lipase (GAP-L) by 87.93% and GAP that inhibits ACE (GAP-A) by 95.91%. The experimental values closely aligned with the predicted values (86.57% for pancreatic lipase inhibition and 95.64% for ACE inhibition), further validating the model. Therefore, GAP shows great promise as a potential source for developing effective agents to manage obesity and hypertension. The suitability of the DES produced as well shown to have a polar nature, making it capable of interacting with and dissolving a wide range of polar compounds, including polysaccharides and other bioactive molecules.

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