Pusat Pengajian Sains Kesihatan - Tesis

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A 4-week internal training load monitoring and fatigue responses of malaysian under-18 rugby players during competitive season
(2018-08)
Azis, Muhamad Fakhrul Hakim
Monitoring internal training loads using session ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) has been used extensively to manage fatigue and to optimise sports performance in athletes but none was reported in Malaysian athletes. Accurate monitoring of internal training loads could assist coaches in the adjustment of training, mode, intensity and duration during the competitive season. This study was to quantify the internal training loads (training load, monotony and strain) and fatigue and to identify the correlation of internal loads on fatigue responses of Malaysian under-18 rugby players for 4-weeks during competitive season. Thirty eight male participants of the study, aged from 16-18 years old, were recruited among the students from the Kolej Vokasional Pengkalan Chepa (N=38). The research variables of this study were collected in four weeks prior to their competition. After 90 minutes of every training session, they were asked to rate their training session using the RPE scale. Then, the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory (MFSI)-Short form were administered once per week at the end of their training session for 4 weeks. The participants were trained five days per week as per coach’s training programme, hence the total number of days of data collection were 20 days. The types of training consisted of cardiovascular, strength, power and tactical. All data was entered into Microsoft Excel 2013. Statistical analyses was performed using IBM SPSS version 24.0. All data are presented as mean �} standard deviation (SD) in descriptive statistics. The statistical analysis used in this study was repeated measure ANOVA. The statistical significance was set 0.05. Pearson correlation at p was used to analyse the relationship between internal training load variables and MFSI. Results showed that the training load in week 4 (2594.00 �} 2.30) was significantly higher compared to week 1 (2388.55 �} 343.87), week 2 (2284.34 �} 411.41) and week 3 (2218.42 �} 521.63). Monotony in week 4 was higher (1.70 �} 3.13) compared to week 3 (1.43 �} 0.44). The mean of monotony in week 2 was higher (1.60 �} 0.35) than week 1 (1.49 �} 0.09). Strain increased in week 2 was higher (3728.44 �} 1228.51) compared to week 1 (3605.57 �} 653.51). In week 3, the mean strain decreased (3354.59 �} 1810.58) and increased in week 4 (4145.66 �} 306.38). In training load, monotony, strain and the total score of fatigue (TSF) correlation, the result showed that training load increased with moderate correlations to TSF (r=0.342; r=0.402; r=0.469). In monotony (r=354; r=0.371; i=0.421) and strain (r=0.343; r=0.383; r=0.446), there were also moderate correlation to TSF. The results obtained in this study will help the coaches and trainers to develop an effective training programme in order to maximise their athlete’s performance, reduce fatigue and subsequently prevent injuries.
A deep reinforcement learning hybrid algorithm for the computational discovery and characterization of small proteins utilizing mycobacterium tuberculosis as a model
(2025-08)
Ouwabunmi, Babalola AbdulHafeez
The accurate prediction and characterization of small open reading frames (smORFs) are critical for understanding their functional roles in gene regulation and cellular processes. This study presents the development and evaluation of a novel hybrid machine learning algorithm that integrates the strengths of Random Forest and Gradient Boosting models to enhance the prediction of smORFs. The performance of the hybrid algorithm was rigorously assessed and compared to the standalone models using comprehensive evaluation metrics, including accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results demonstrated that the hybrid model achieved superior performance, with an accuracy of 0.998, a sensitivity of 0.998, and a specificity of 1.00, significantly outperforming both the Random Forest and Gradient Boosting models individually. Additionally, transcriptomic data from Mycobacterium tuberculosis were utilized to validate the predictions, highlighting the biological relevance and potential applications of the proposed approach in computational biology. This study underscores the importance of combining machine learning techniques to improve prediction accuracy and provides a robust framework for advancing smORF discovery. While the focus was on comparing standalone and hybrid models, the study identifies opportunities for future benchmarking against external tools to further validate its contributions. The findings contribute to both computational and biological research, offering insights into smORF prediction methodologies and their applications.
A lahore birth cohort study (LBCS): analysis of the growth and development of Pakistani infants in relation to the nutritional status of their mother and associated risk factors after birth
(2024-05)
Amjad, Safeena
In Pakistan, the prevalence of child malnutrition is higher than in other developing countries. Lahore Birth Cohort Study (LBCS) was conducted to analyze the association between the health and growth of Pakistani infants with maternal nutritional status, depression, and dietary patterns after delivery. The LBCS was a two-year prospective cohort study started in 2020 that recruits Pakistani Infants after their birth from the Punjab Medical Centre Lahore Pakistan. Participants of the study were interviewed three times at birth, at 2.5 months, and at the age of 9 months. The mother’s postpartum information was collected from the hospital records and via a pre-structured questionnaire. Collected data included sociodemographic features, anthropometrics of newborns and mothers, dietary intake of mothers during pregnancy, infant feeding practices after birth, and 2.5 months along with breastfeeding and weaning practices at the age of 9 months. Findings indicate that the continuation of maternal breast milk during the first six months of life protects infants from various forms of malnutrition. It was also found that maternal factors such as postpartum depression (P<0.017) and mother’s occupation (P<0.04) have a significant association with the infant’s growth and development. It was also determined that breastfeeding (P<0.018), bread and cereals (P<0.00), dairy and dairy products (P<0.015), other milk (P<0.00), and meat and meat substitutes (P<0.00) also has a potentially significant association between the variables at 9 months. The correlation coefficient revealed that there is a positive association between postpartum depression and postpartum BMI on infant birth weight for the age Z score, birth weight (percentile), birth height for the age z score, and birth head circumference (percentile). There was a significant correlation between breastfeeding and infant anthropometric measurements at 2.5 and 9 months of age, including length, weight for age, and head circumference percentile. The strength of these associations increased by 9 months, indicating that breastfeeding's effect on growth parameters persists and even intensifies as infant grows. In conclusion, the Lahore Birth Cohort Study contributes crucial insights into the multifaceted relationship between breastfeeding, maternal factors, and infant growth. The findings emphasize the persistent and intensifying impact of breastfeeding, guiding healthcare recommendations and underlining the need for holistic support for infant health in the Pakistani context.
A methodology building for multilayer feed-forward neural network (MLFFNN): an application in biometry modelling
(2023-04)
Adnan, Mohamad Nasarudin
This research aims to develop a hybrid method for Multi-Layer Feed-Forward Neural Network (MLFFNN) with two different approaches; (i) Multiple Logistic Regression (MLogisticR) for the first method, (ii) Multiple Linear Regression (MLinearR) for the second method. The developed hybrid method is based on bootstrap, regression, and MLFFNN. In the first method, the accuracy of the developed method is measured based on the value of the Mean Squared Error Neural Network (MSE.net), Mean Absolute Deviance (MAD), and the accuracy percentage. While for the second method, Mean Squared Error Neural Network (MSE.net) and R2 will be used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. All those components serve as a yardstick to determine the accuracy and efficiency of the developed model. Existing software only produces limited results. The main focus of this study is the need for better decision-making with solid evidence. The main goal of this research is to build a hybrid method and generate a numerical result and visualization (graphical representation). The results from both case studies show that the hybrid method has successfully improved the accuracy, effectiveness, and efficiency of parameter estimation in the final results of the analysis. The findings of this study contribute to the development of a comprehensive research methodology in future and suggest more accurate results for the decision-making process.
A monitoring of archery performance predictors among state-level archers
(2023-09)
Sien, Lau Jiun
Archery is a sport that required a certain level of techniques, physical conditions, tactics, and psychology to perform. It is important to understand the most crucial criteria in archery to build excellent archers. Thus, this study aimed to determine the predictors of archery performance among state-level recurve archers. Eighteen state-level recurve archers were recruited from Terengganu State Sports Council and Malaysia Pahang Sports School and 13 participants (mean age = 16.23 ± 1.74) had completed the whole study protocol. Muscle activation level, draw force line, mood states, and physical fitness level of the archers were monitored predictors of archery performance in this research. The mood states of the participants were evaluated with Brunel Mood Scale Questionnaire before the scoring session. During the scoring session, the muscle activation of left deltoid muscles, left triceps muscles, right trapezius muscles, and right triceps muscles were measured with electromyography. Meanwhile, the draw force line during the anchoring and releasing was recorded with a video camera and was analysed with Kinovea motion analysis software. The archery shooting performance was based on a total score of 36 arrows shot at a distance of 70 meters. After the scoring session, the physical fitness level of the participants was measured with fitness tests including push-ups, sit-ups, handgrip test, stork stand test, back and leg test, sit and reach test, and multistage fitness test. All the parameters were measured five times, with each measurement taken at a twomonths interval. The results of the Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) revealed muscle activation level and physical fitness level can be used as a guideline in predicting the archery shooting performance. Among the muscles tested in this study, the left deltoid is the only muscle that is associated with the archery shooting performance in the fifth measurement session. Furthermore, physical fitness level also able to predict the shooting performance significantly in the first measurement session, third measurement session and forth measurement session. The physical fitness components that were associated with the archery shooting performance included left and right handgrip strength, back and leg strength, flexibility, balance, upper muscle endurance, core muscle endurance, and cardiovascular endurance. However, the mood states and the draw force line of participants are not associated with the archery performance. It is concluded that the physical fitness level and muscle activation level of the archers can predict the archery shooting performance among state-level archers.
A preliminary study of colorimetric nanoparticle evaluation of adulterated Simulated urine for amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) abuse testing
(2023-09)
Majeed, Masar Ibrahem
Drug abuse is a serious and widespread problem, and urine testing is considered one of the most used methods to detect drug abuse, but as evidenced by the history of people who have been referred to forensic laboratories, the use of cleaning powders, bases and their components, birth control pills, or aspirin pills to change Drug analysis results, because it is believed that these substances will affect the urine screening test, the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of these substances on common colorimetric laboratory tests (UDSTs) and to use colorimetric detection of unmodified gold nanoparticles to detect false negative results. In this study, a drug screening test strip (commonly performed on urine samples using immunoassays) will be screened using urine positive for amphetaminetype stimulants (ATS) and verifying the authenticity of the sample and the presence of ATS in the sample after addition of counterfeits using thin layer chromatography method. A method was used to screen false negative results with less effort and time than the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method using nanoparticle techniques of unmodified gold, the effect of eleven common types of adulteration was studied. Acetic acid, citric acid, hydroxide, hypochlorite based bleach, Pyridinium chorochromatic PCC, potassium dichromate, sodium chloride, ammonia and nitrate compounds, eye drops and detergents are the compounds discussed. In four tests, were tested on urine positive for ATS by adding adulterants at a 2:1 ratio, urine Dipstick testing and drug presence testing gave negative results for the adulteration cases, and a third colorimetric test was performed in the urine using TLC method, Marquis reagent, iodoplatins, and Dragendoff reagent. A silica plate was sprayed with a reagent for the virtual determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and 3,4- methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine (MDMA) at a temperature higher than 20 °C as a result, false negative medications can be detected in the urine sample. But this method requires time, effort and materials, the fourth test is to use a nanoparticle detector formulated to detect the presence of amphetamine-type stimulants, by changing the colour from red to blue at a temperature of 24 degrees Celsius, the nanoparticle detector was able to detect the presence of amphetamine-type stimulants in low concentrations in urine samples, when compared the use of the TLC colorimetric detection method with the nanoparticle colorimetric detection method, we conclude that the latter is superior because it gives results in less time and requires less effort.
A prospective case-control study on nutritional status and lifestyle risk factors towards quality of life among colorectal cancer and polyp patients in Malaysia
(2025-08)
Ashari, Lydiatul Shima
In Southeast Asian countries, there is a growing incidence and prevalence rate of disease-related malnutrition colorectal cancer (CRC) and its precursor, colorectal polyp, however there are only few reports of this condition. Treatments and the disease itself may affect and impair the overall quality of life (QOL) of CRC survivors. The study aimed to determine the nutritional status and lifestyle risk factors among CRC and polyp patients and their impact on QOL through a prospective case-control study in Malaysia. This study was conducted in two university hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia from June 2020 until December 2022. Patients were recruited through purposive sampling method and a total of 313 patients consisting of 99 and 74 pathologically confirmed CRC and colorectal polyp cases respectively, and 140 controls were included in the analysis. The following information was gathered pre- treatment: Socio-demographic, family and personal medical history, dietary intake, sedentary behaviour, nutritional risk, smoking, clinicopathological, biochemical parameters, and anthropometric profiles. Six months post-treatment, sedentary behaviour, nutritional risk, biochemical parameters, and anthropometric profiles were gathered again, together with treatment and QOL. Multiple logistic regression model revealed that the Kuala Lumpur state (OR=8.89, 95% CI=3.19-24.83; p<0.001), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (OR=4.91, 95% CI=1.81-13.29, p=0.002), vitamin/mineral supplements (OR=5.15, CI=2.33-11.39, p<0.001), and saturated fatty acids (SFA) (OR=1.19, 95% CI=1.08-1.31, p<0.001) intake were associated with greater risks of CRC while non-Malay (OR=0.36, 95% CI=0.15-0.87, p=0.024), overweight (OR=0.14, 95% CI=0.04-0.48, p=0.002), increased intake of vitamin D (OR=0.71, 95% CI=0.55-0.92, p=0.008) and dietary fibre (OR=0.81, 95% CI=0.74-0.89, p<0.001) were associated with reduced risk of CRC after the data were adjusted for age and gender. For colorectal polyp, the Kuala Lumpur state (OR=4.36, 95% CI=2.02-9.41, p<0.001) and high cholesterol (OR=1.003, 95% CI=1.001-1.005, p=0.006) intake were associated with increased risk while high thiamin (OR=0.02, 95% CI= 0.00-0.11, p<0.001) and fruits (OR=0.997, 95% CI=0.995-1.000, p=0.035) intake were found associated with decreased of risk. Multiple linear regression model showed that malnourish (β=-18.40, p<0.001) and abdominal obesity (β=-10.07, p=0.020) were negatively associated with QOL after six months of post-treatment. This study advances current understanding of the nutritional and metabolic pathways underlying colorectal cancer and polyp development, providing a foundation for future mechanistic and intervention studies
A standardised fraction 1 (SF1) from clinacanthus nutans attenuates the stemness of cervical cancer stem-like cells via inhibition of notch1 signalling
(2024-09)
Ismail, Faridah
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a tiny subset of cancer cells characterised by deregulated self-renewal, aberrant stemness signalling pathways, and a high tumorigenic potential. Mounting evidence indicates that CSCs play a critical role in cancer growth, metastasis, relapse, and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Hence, targeting CSCs will provide novel treatments for cancer. Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans), or locally known as Sabah snake grass (‘daun belalai gajah’), is a well reputed medicinal herb in East Asia that has shown promising anticancer activities in a range of cancer cell types. However, no study has reported its effect on CSCs. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the antitumour effect of SF1, a semi-purified fraction from C. nutans, on CSCs derived from cervical cancer (CCSCs) and the underlying mechanisms. Bioassay guided fractionation was employed for the isolation of SF1 from C. nutans leaf extract. The SiHa cell line was used for the enrichment of CCSCs by culturing the cells in CSC-conditioned medium (cervospheres). Stemness characterisation of the cervospheres was performed using a sphere formation assay and flow cytometric analysis of the stem-related markers, including CD49f, CK17, Sox2, Nanog, and Oct4. The cervospheres were then subjected to SF1 treatment, and cisplatin was used as a positive control. The antitumour effects of SF1 on cervospheres were evaluated by assessing cell viability, sphere-forming efficiency, and tumorigenic capacity using the OZ blue cell viability kit, sphere formation assay, and in vivo tumorigenicity assay, respectively. The mechanisms by which SF1 eliminated CCSCs were determined by evaluating the selected stemness marker expressions via flow cytometry. Additionally, Notch1 signalling activity, a key regulator for CSC self-renewal and tumorigenicity was examined using the Western blot, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR), and immunohistochemistry staining assays. The results of the study showed that SiHa derived cervospheres exhibited high sphere-forming efficiency, and increased expressions of the stemness markers. In addition, further investigation revealed that these cells possessed higher tumorigenicity in nude mice and increased levels of Notch1 protein and gene expression compared to the parental SiHa monolayer cells. SF1 effectively inhibited the cervosphere viability and stemness phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. SF1 was found to induce a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in the cells, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 17.07 µg/ml. Additionally, treatment of cervospheres with SF1 at the IC50 dose for 72 hours resulted in a significant reduction in the sphere-forming efficiency and a suppression of tumour growth in xenotransplant mice. Besides, SF1 decreased the expression of stemness markers in the cervospheres, primarily CK17 and Sox2 expressions. Nevertheless, Nanog expression remained unaffected. Apart from that, the inhibition of cervosphere stemness properties was accompanied by a marked decrease in the level of Notch1 protein expression. In contrast, increased expression of the Notch1 gene was noted. This implies that SF1 may act by promoting proteasomal degradation of Notch1 protein or disrupting its translation process. In conclusion, SF1 possesses antitumor activity against SiHa derived CSCs, which was achieved through attenuation of their stemness properties and inhibition of the Notch1 signalling. Hence, SF1 may serve as a prospective therapeutic agent for improving cervical cancer management.
A study of radiation dose from computed tomography (CT) simulation scan in brachytherapy treatment
(2025-07)
Mahazeli, Wan Nurul Ain Wan
brachytherapy, CT simulation
A study on fibre identification and characterization of various headscarf fabrics
(2025-02)
Fahmi, Shazwina Ayna Mohd
This study focuses on the identification and characterisation of fibres from six types of headscarf fabrics, mainly cotton, silk, polyester, lycra, viscose, and moss crepe as potential sources of trace evidence in forensic investigations. Fibre evidence, often transferred during physical contact, plays a crucial role in linking suspects, victims, and crime scenes. Morphological tests revealed that distinct weave patterns and yarn structures significantly influence fabric behaviour, such as porosity and density, aiding in the differentiation of fabric types. Both cotton and viscose exhibited plain weaves, but cotton had a less porous fabric structure than viscose. Polyester and lycra showed dense synthetic structures. Burning tests identified fibres based on their combustion behaviour, residue formation, and odour. Lycra however shows uniqueness in the absence of hard beads although it is synthetic fibre. Moss crepe and viscose displayed mixed traits, confirming their partially synthetic origins. Solubility tests further validated fibre compositions by observing their reactions to various chemical solvents, demonstrating distinct dissolution behaviours influenced by chemical structure and environmental factors. Most fibres did not dissolve in 75% and 60% sulphuric acid, and none dissolved in formic acid, while most fibres dissolved in high-temperature 50% sodium hydroxide solutions. In conclusion, this study successfully classified and identified the six types of fibres using comprehensive fibre identification methods, enhancing their value as trace evidence in forensic applications
A study on geriatric patients attending emergency department Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia.
(2017)
Sjahid, Afifah Sjamun
This study aimed to determine the proportion of geriatric patients attending Emergency Department in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) within January 2015 to March 2015, the mean duration of hospital stay and the outcome of the illness in geriatric patients admitted to Hospital USM. This study also aimed to identify the associated factors of mortality in geriatrics patients admitted to Hospital USM. This study was a retrospective cohort study from January 2015 till March 2015 at Emergency Department Hospital USM. All patients aged 60 years and above attended Emergency Department of Hospital USM from January 2015 until March 2015 were included. Systematic random sampling was used. A total of 209 patients had been included in this study. Descriptive statistics were expressed as cross-tables for categorical variables and as mean ± standard deviation for numerical variables. Independent categorical variables were compared using Chi-Square test or Fisher’s exact test. Paired group comparisons were performed using Independent t-test or Mann Whitney test for numerical variables. Total patients included in this study were 209 patients. The mean (standard deviation, SD) age was 68.4 (6.95) years old, with age range from 60 till 106 years old. Fifty-eight percent were male and 95.7% were Malay. Seventy-eight percent were triaged as an emergency; with 19.6% were red zone cases, while 51.2% were yellow zone cases. Three most common presenting symptoms were respiratory symptoms (24.9%), cardiovascular symptoms (19.65%) and gastrointestinal symptoms (12.9%). Out of209 patients studied, 95 patients (45.5%) were admitted. Mean duration of hospital stay was 8 days (mean 7.57, SD 12.97). Out of 95 patients admitted, only 15 patients (15.8%) died in the ward. Factors associated with mortality in hospitalized geriatric patients were gender (p = 0.009), patient’s method of arrival (p = 0.001), conscious level on arrival (p < 0.001), patient’s condition when transferring to the ward; either ventilated (p = 0.014) and on inotropic agent (p < 0.001) or not, patient’s first pulse rate taken at triage (p < 0.001) and first blood investigations taken in emergency department; white blood cell (p = 0.007), hemoglobin (p = 0.019), serum lactate (p < 0.001) and serum urea (p = 0.036). Majority of the geriatric patients triaged as emergency cases indicated that they mostly came with ill-conditioned that need to be attended immediately. By knowing the common presenting symptoms and associated factors of mortality in admitted geriatric patients will alert medical personnel in the emergency department to treat this group of patients more thoroughly and judiciously.
A study on the profile of ketum preparation using colour test and GCMS
(2022-09)
Rosli, Wan Nur Qasrina Wan
Mitragyna speciosa, or known as ketum in Malaysia, is always misused as herbal drug of abuse. Typically, ketum is sold as their raw leaves, drinks or campsules in the street as well as incense online and also available at markets in more rural areas in Southeast Asia as traditional medicine, especially in Malaysia and Thailand. Ketum is very popular among men workers in Malaysia and Thailand. Many decades ago, ketum leaves have been used by natives due to its opium-like effect and cocaine-like stimulant ability to increase energy and combat fatigue. Mitragynine, an alkaloid from ketum leaves is responsible for these mentioned effects and this makes ketum drinks to become the emerging drug of abuse. However, it is unknown at all whether or not other ingredients were added in the ketum drinks available in the market.This present study was done to determine active compounds in the ketum drinks mixtures and to study the recent trend of ketum “cocktails”. In this study, all ketum drinks were obtained in the form of drinks. Presumptive colour test on ketum samples was successfully conducted using Van Urk reagent and 70 samples gave pink colour change, 4 samples gave dark pink colour change and one showed negative screening results. The preparation of ketum drink standard was successfully done by boiling 10 ketum leaves in a beaker on a hotplate. Besides, the extraction process of mitragynine from all 75 samples were successfully performed using liquid-liquid extraction method. Afterwards, the chloroform extracts were subjected to gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The resulting chromatograms and possible fragmentation pathways detected by GC-MS were discussed extensively. Out of 75 samples, only one sample did not exhibit mitragynine peak and majority showed simple chromatograms with only several peaks present in the chromatogram which include caffeine (RT=5.137) and mitragynine (RT=18.839). Sample 49 showed the most complex chromatograms with the presence of a MDMA peak. The trend of ketum drink mixtures in Malaysia was also studied. The findings showed that most of the ketum preparation were merely ketum drinks, without addition of any adulterants. A few samples were, however, in the form of cocktails, and these can cause serious health effects. It is therefore important that the monitoring of the streect drugs are conducted, perhaps via a more frequent drung profiling study to obtain information which could be useful for forensic intelligence as decision making for the respective authorities.
Acute oral toxicity evaluation of baicalein active compound extracted from oroxylum indicum in sprague-dawley rats
(2022-09)
Yan, Yeap Mei
Oroxylum indicum is a unique plant which can be found throughout Southeast Asia and has gained increasing attention in the field of oncology. Baicalein is the most abundantly found and dominant active compound of the O. indicum plant in general. It has been reported to exert anti-metastatic, anti-bacterial, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective, as well as wound healing potentials. However, there is a gap in scientific knowledge on the toxicological profile of baicalein active compound extracted from O. indicum. This study aims to evaluate the acute toxicity effect of baicalein extracted from O. indicum leaves by conducting acute oral toxicity testing on Sprague-Dawley rats. The Soxhlet binary extraction process using finely crushed O. indicum leaf material yielded 3.94 g (16%) of crude extract powder. Next, fractionation of the crude extract powder using 100% methanol concentration generated fraction 5 (F5) with enriched baicalein compound. TLC analysis detected the presence of baicalein in F5 under short-waved (254 nm) and longwaved (365 nm) UV light. The initial sighting study revealed that F5 did not cause any mortality among the rat models throughout the experimental period, at fixed doses of 5 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg set by Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines. Thus, the sub-lethal dose of baicalein was more than 2000 mg/kg. The results of the acute toxicity study revealed that body weight of all animals did not show any increment or reduction of more than 20% of their initial body weight after 14 days. Although, statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were seen in the relative weight of the brain, lung, and reproductive organs among male and female treated groups. Nevertheless, the haematological and biochemical indices for treated groups of both sexes were all within normal range according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) guidelines, similar to the non-treated groups. Moreover, the animals showed no clinical signs of toxicity and changes in behaviours related to the treatment. Histopathological examination also revealed normal cellular architecture with absence of treatment related toxicity on all vital internal organs of the treated group. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrate that baicalein extracted from O. indicum produced no adverse toxic effects on Sprague-Dawley rat behaviour and organ tissue morphology at highest dosage of 2000 mg/kg.
Allelic variations in the edar gene and their influence on hair types in Malaysian populations
(2025-02)
Boon, Wendy Tan Lee
Ectodysplasin A Receptor (EDAR) is a tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) that is involved in the development of ectodermal tissues, including hair follicles. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3827760, which encodes EDAR:p.(Val370Ala), is a missense mutation in the EDAR gene that pleiotropically influences phenotypic traits such as hair type, particularly in East Asian populations. However, the genotype distribution and correlation of this SNP with hair type among Malaysian ethnic groups remain largely unexplored. Thus, this study aimed to determine the allelic variation of SNP rs3827760 in the Malaysian population among the Malay, Chinese, and Indian ethnic groups. DNA samples (buccal swabs) were collected from 30 participants, with 10 individuals from each ethnic group, and extracted using a silica-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using the custom EDAR primers, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA quantification, cycle sequencing, and ethanol precipitation (purification). Sanger sequencing was conducted using the SeqStudio™ Genetic Analyzer, and the chromatograms were analyzed with Chromas and Jalview software to identify nucleotide variations at the SNP loci rs3827760, rs146567337, and rs12623957. A chi-square test was performed to determine the statistical significance of the association between the SNPs and ethnicity or hair type. The analysis showed that SNP rs3827760 was significantly correlated with both ethnicity (P-value <0.001) and hair type (P-value = 0.011). The ancestral allele (allele A) was strongly associated with Indian (curly hair) individuals, while the derived allele (allele G) was strongly associated with Chinese (straight hair) individuals. Malay individuals with straight or wavy hair exhibited a mix of all three genotypes. SNP rs146567337 showed no significant association with ethnicity (P-value = 0.155) or hair type (P-value = 0.432). SNP rs12623957 was not significantly related to ethnicity (P-value = 0.058) but was correlated with hair type (P-value = 0.017). Therefore, SNP rs3827760 in the EDAR gene was the most strongly correlated genetic factor for hair types and ethnicity in this study
An evaluation using fdi criteria to compare full-ceramic crowns, composite resin fillings, ceramic inlays and onlays in posterior teeth after endodontic treatment
(2025-09)
Shiwei, Che
Restoring endodontically treated posterior teeth is a critical challenge due to structural compromises following root canal treatment. This study evaluates the clinical performance of full-ceramic crowns (FCC), composite resin (CR) fillings, and ceramic inlays/onlays in posterior teeth using the World Dental Federation (FDI) criteria. A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 150 patients (194 posterior teeth), assessing functional outcomes such as fracture resistance, marginal adaptation, wear, and patient satisfaction over a mean follow-up period of 58.14 months (SD = 2.93). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in long-term success rates among the three groups, with FCC demonstrating superior durability and marginal adaptation, while CR fillings provided a minimally invasive, cost-effective option with higher wear and marginal deterioration over time. Ceramic inlays/onlays offered a balance between structural conservation and durability, making them suitable for cases with moderate tooth structure loss. Patient satisfaction scores, as measured by the FDI criteria, were highest in the FCC group (mean score: 1.2 ± 0.4), followed by the ceramic inlays/onlays group (1.4 ± 0.5) and the CR fillings group (1.8 ± 0.6), with differences statistically significant (p < 0.05). These findings provide evidence-based recommendations for restorative material selection, emphasizing the need for personalized treatment planning based on clinical conditions and patient needs
An integrated Raman spectroscopy and self-organizing feature map chemometrics analysis for the discrimination of gel inks
(2022-07)
Asri, Muhammad Naeim Mohamad
One of the techniques often used by forensic document examiner in the analysis of questioned documents is Raman spectroscopy. This technique has proven effective in rapidly and accurately characterising ink with the advantage of not causing permanent damage to the analysed document. Gel ink pen was first introduced to the market around 1990s by the Sakura Colour Product Corporation, Japan as an alternative daily writing instrument other than ballpoint-pen. Being marketed in varieties of attractive colours and also environmentally friendly, gel ink pen has become very popular among consumers therefore it appearances in cases involving document fraud is anticipated. Unfortunately, studies involving gel ink pen in the perspective of questioned document are limited compared to ball-point pen. In forensic investigation, it was reported that 80% handwritten documents were written using ballpoint pens. Therefore, due to the lack of objectivity in interpreting gel inks, this study proposed using novel chemometric techniques for discriminating gel-pen inks in forensic investigation. This study show the comprehensive conceptual work flow with conventional chemometrics techniques of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and novel Self-Organising Feature Maps (SOFM) in tandem with Raman spectroscopy to discriminate gel inks of three different colours i.e. blue, red and black before and after undergoing ageing process for nearly three years. Preliminary dissolution studies performed by dissolving gel inks in a varieties of organic solvents show that gel inks of pigment based colourants do not normally dissolve in organic solvents while Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is only successful to dye-based colourant gel inks. Queries made to the acquired blue, red and black gel inks Raman spectra against a database containing Raman spectra of 200 pigments, suggested that CI Pigment Blue 15: 1 and 15: 3, could be the main pigment in blue gel inks conversely Red DPP BO (23180 – CI Pigment Red) and XSL Poppy Red (26308 – CI Pigment 112) could be the main pigment in red gel inks however main pigments in black gel inks remain unidentified. In most cases, Hierarchical Cluster Analyses (HCA) have recorded lesser number of clusterings compared to Principal Component Analyses (PCA). In general, both conventional chemometrics techniques are unable to discriminate the gel inks according to their brands however this is not the case for the novel SOFM. All SOFM maps are in line with the classification made by the visual Raman comparison of inks. The misclassified sample (HCA and PCA) was successfully resolved using the SOFM model signifying its capability for both discrimination and classification purposes. Cross validations employing the k-validation strategy have recorded 100% correct classification rates for all the SOFM models, thus signifies the robustness and potential of SOFM for discrimination of gel inks. As for the aged gel inks, SOFM has also successfully sourced the aged inks to their fresh counterparts. This study reported the first use of SOFM for discrimination and classification of gel inks. The findings of this study did not only communicate the comprehensive work flow for gel ink analysis but most importantly signify the potential of SOFM to be employed in tandem with Raman spectroscopy as an alternative pattern recognition technique to the conventional chemometrics techniques that can be highly useful in document fraud investigation involving gel inks.
An investigation of physical activity level, sedentary time and bone mineral density in relation to sclerostin level in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus
(2025-04)
Othman, Mazra
People with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been associated with an increased risk of fractures at any skeletal site due to the poorer quality of the bone, despite having greater bone mineral density when compared to osteoporotic and normal non-T2D people. Studies showed that postmenopausal women with fragility fractures have high sclerostin levels compared to those without fractures, while physical activities (PA) were inversely related to sclerostin levels. In this study, different levels of PA (sedentary, moderate, vigorous PA and MVPA) levels were objectively measured to assess their influence on sclerostin levels in T2D postmenopausal women. This cross-sectional study involved 71 postmenopausal T2D women, aged 59.5±4.1 years from the Diabetic Clinic, Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia. Health history of postmenopausal and T2D duration, also other chronic diseases were obtained, followed by calcium intake (mg/day) using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometry measurements were recorded and fasting blood glucose (mmol/L), HbA1c (%) and sclerostin (pmol/L) were obtained via blood assay. Using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), bone mineral density (BMD, kg/cm2), T-score (SD), body fat (%), total lean mass (%), and appendicular lean mass index (ALMI, kg/m2) were derived. Participants wore an accelerometer for a week during waking hours where those with a minimum of 10-h wear/day and for a minimum of four days of valid data were analysed. Accelerometer data were analysed using the GGIR package for R-software. Using SPSS version 27, descriptive output, correlation and multivariable regression analyses and outcomes were obtained. Overall, eight women (11%) were newly identified as having osteoporosis with average T-scores -3.3±0.6 SD. From our correlation analysis, duration of T2D, years (r = 0.50), ALMI, kg/m2 (r = 0.14) and average MVPA, min/day (r = -0.4) were significantly related to sclerostin levels (p<0.05). Sedentary (339.3±83.6 min/day), light (205.2±37.1 min/day), moderate (32.0±17.2 min/day) and vigorous PA (0.4±0.9min/day) were not correlated to sclerostin levels. The multivariable regression model predicted as much as 33% (F = 5.63, p<0.003) of sclerostin outcomes are influenced by the duration of T2D diagnosed (β= 1.070, p=0.009) and MVPA (β = -0.292, p = 0.056) while controlling for appendicular ALMI, kg/m2 (β= -0.010, p= 0.990). In conclusion, the duration of diagnosed T2D influenced the sclerostin levels, which may impair bone formation while accounting for appendicular muscle. More in-depth investigations are needed to understand these results of possible MVPA influence on sclerostin in T2D postmenopausal women.
Analysis of the association between SLCO1B1 genetic polymorphism (rs4149056) and lipid profile among statin users of HUSM, Kelantan
(2022-09)
Yusri, Nur Farah Izzati
Statin is a medication that was proven to treat hyperlipidaemia effectively. Despite its well-known efficacy in statin users, the cases of its effectiveness have been reported. Single nucleotide polymorphism of rs4149056 in SLCO1B1 gene has been reported to alter the efficacy of statin. Until now there is no genetic association study among Malaysian population has been reported pertaining the influence of SNP on the efficacy of statin. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the association between SLCO1B1 rs4149056, patient’s demographic profiles and other clinical features among statin’s users from HUSM, Kelantan. Information regarding the demographic and clinical features of statin’s users obtained through examination of patient’s medical record. The extracted DNAs for this study were obtained from previous researcher. The genotyping of selected DNA sample of statin’s users was performed by using ARMS-PCR technique followed by gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that, there were no different in demographic profiles and clinical features between group 1 (those who achieved LDL-c level <2.60 mmol/L) and group 2 (those who achieved LDL-c level >2.60 mmol/L) except for concomitant drugs. The minor allele frequency (MAF) of the SNP value obtained was 0.23. However, there is no variables (age, race, gender, type of statin, concomitant drugs, supplement, genotype, physical activity, diet and smoking status) that are statistically significant associated with the achievement of LDL-c goal of <2.60 mmol/L. In conclusion, the SLCO1B1 rs41419056 polymorphism had no effect on lipid level changes in 72 hyperlipidaemic statin users.
Analytical investigation of corrosive agents in relation to cotton textile damage assessment
(2025-02)
Khairi, Siti Nur Aiefika
Acid attacks cases occur commonly with the ill intention to hurt the victim by utilising corrosive substances that are easily obtained and cheap. Clothing fabrics are one of the surfaces that are in contact with the corrosive agents used making identification of the corrosive substances vital to provide clue in connecting the perpetrator to the crime. Therefore, this study investigates the chemical characterization of corrosive agents and the relation to textile damage. Relationships of corrosive substance samples with cotton textile were studied over time interval of every 5 minutes in spend of 15 minutes. The tear area and absorption area occurred to the cotton textile were taken into account as the effect. Lab graded acids and commercial products were included in the analytical investigation, whereby pH measurements and chemical characterization of the corrosive substance samples by using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was performed. Resulting in observation of the acidity trends of the samples through the pH measurement. In addition, the chemical characteristics of the samples was achieved through principal component analysis, clustering the samples according to selected features of each sample unique chemical characteristics. These findings provide implications for acid attack cases in identifying corrosive substances evidence. Furthermore, identifying the corrosive substance by utilising analytical instrument and observation the relationship between corrosive substances with cotton textile in contact
Anthropometric and physical fitness profiles of Kelantanese intellectually disabled population
(2024-04)
Mojiin, Willince
Intellectual disability (ID) is defined by the person that has a presence of incomplete or arrested mental development. Adults with ID typically reported to be overweight and obese and demonstrate poor level in physical fitness due to inactive lifestyle. The aim of this study is to identify the anthropometric measurement and physical fitness profile in adults with ID in Kelantan. This study also assessed the correlation of anthropometric and body composition on selected physical fitness performance assessed by medicine ball throw, standing long jump, static balance, 505 agility, and 20-m sprint test. Secondly, to predict the best predictors that can significantly contribute to physical fitness performance in term of explosive strength, balance, agility and speed. The fitness test batteries in this study were adapted from Inspire i-talent manual which developed by National Institute of Malaysia. A total of 124 adults with ID in Kelantan, 70 males and 54 females were recruited in this study. Anthropometric components (standing height, sitting height and arm span) were measured by using stadiometer and measuring tape while body composition such as body weight, fat free mass, fat percentage and body mass index (BMI) were recorded by using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). Adults with ID in this study are considered to be overweight. The higher BMI value was found in females (26.4 ± 6.6 kg/m2) than in males (22.7 ± 5.8kg/m2). In addition, physical fitness level in adult with ID in this study is considered to be generally poor, male participants performed better than female except in 505 agility test. Pearson correlation revealed that anthropometric parameters showed significant correlation with balance, lower and upper body power, agility, and speed Nevertheless, stepwise regression analysis revealed that agility test (R= 0.859, R2= 0.738, F= 6.136, p= 0.015) can be predicted by 20-meter sprint, standing long jump, and sitting height values. Besides, 505 agility test and sitting height were found to be strong predictor of 20-meter sprint (R= 0.839, R2= 0.705, F= 9.259, p=0.003). On the other hand, lower limb explosive strength variable (R= 0.864, R2= 0.747, F= 34,947, p<0.05) can be anticipated from medicine ball throw, fat percentage and 505 agility test values. In addition, for upper body explosive strength (R= 0.863, R2= 0.745, F= 4.223, p= 0.042) it can be forecasted from standing long jump, body weight, gender, static balance, and arm span values. Lastly, standing long jump and 505 agility test could be main predictor of static balance (R= 0.597, R2= 0.356, F= 6,586, p= 0.011). From these regression analysis findings, a few regression equations have been developed to predict agility, speed, explosive strength in both lower and upper body, and balance among intellectually disabled persons. Therefore, exercise intervention should be implemented to improve their general physical fitness level and to manage their weight to lower the rate of being overweight and obesity among intellectually disabled people.

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