Pusat Pengajian Sains Kimia - Tesis
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Browsing Pusat Pengajian Sains Kimia - Tesis by Type "master thesis"
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- PublicationBinary And Ternary Complexes Of Β-Cyclodextrin With Isoniazid And Ethambutol: Characterization And Molecular Modeling Studies(2023-09)Goh, Soen QengLong term intake of antituberculosis drugs will lead to severe adverse reactions that will ultimately deteriorate a patient’s health and well-being. Presently, it is known that supramolecular macrocycles such as cyclodextrins (CDs) are useful to enhance drug solubility and targeting mechanism while reducing drug dosage by providing many therapeutic benefits. With that, the possibility of formation of drug-CDs ternary inclusion complex was explored, whereby β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was chosen as the supramolecular host carrier to accommodate two kinds of first-line antituberculosis guest drug molecules simultaneously, namely isoniazid (INH) and ethambutol (ETB). The inclusion complex of β-CD/INH/ETB was prepared using solvent evaporation method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), and 2-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (2D-NOESY) NMR were used to investigate the functional groups and structure of the complex. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to study the surface morphology and crystallinity changes during complex formation. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to investigate the thermal properties of the complex. FT-IR and both types of NMR results had revealed the successful penetration of both the drug molecules into the β- CD cavity. SEM images and XRD spectra had shown a drastic change in surface structure and reduction in crystallinity during complex formation, which had indicated successful formation of a new compound.
- PublicationCharacterization, Kinetics And Equilibrium Studies Of Paracetamol Adsorption On The Oil Palm Fronds (Opf) Cellulose Nanocrystals(2022-02)Idris, Nor NajhanPollution of water via pharmaceutical drugs such as paracetamol have been a highly concerning issue; and effective measures must be taken to treat these aquatic contaminants. Hence, the present study explored use of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) isolated from oil palm fronds (OPF) through pre-treatments and acid hydrolysis as an environmental friendly adsorbent. The complementary analyses showed that the OPF CNC possesses a crystallinity index of 43.60 %, surface area (10.51 m2 g-1), and an aspect ratio of 19.98. Besides, the OPF CNC and OPF CNC-AC hydrogel beads have been successfully produced, optimised, and applied for paracetamol removal. The modification of OPF CNC-AC hydrogel beads with the commercial activated carbon (AC) has improved the BET surface area up to 85.19 m2 g-1. The adsorption studies of paracetamol onto OPF CNC and OPF CNC-AC hydrogel beads can be achieved at 60 g and 0.6 g of adsorbent dosage, respectively, at a pH 3 with a contact time of 170 min under room temperature. It was observed that the produced data fitted best with the pseudo-second order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model for characterising the adsorption of paracetamol onto OPF CNC hydrogel beads with a maximum adsorption capacity, qmax of 0.03 mg g-1. Meanwhile, for OPF CNC-AC hydrogel beads, the pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model showed the best correlation for the adsorption of paracetamol with a qmax value of 21.31 mg g-1. Therefore, the output from this study may suggest that OPF CNC and OPF CNC- xxiv AC hydrogel beads can be used as natural adsorbents for the removal of paracetamol waste.
- PublicationComparative Analysis Of The Bioethanol Yield And Components Of Sugar Extracted From Oil Palm Frond Under Different Prehydrolysis Treatments(2021-11)Dissanayake Mudiyanselage Rushan Lakshitha Bonuwan Diyanillathis study was designed to produce a high bioethanol yield from OPF adopting eco-friendly and viable pretreatment methods, which are acid, autohydrolysis, alkaline, alkaline peroxide, and alkaline peroxide pretreatment coupled with acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) pretreatment
- PublicationCytotoxic Activity Of Isolated Alkaloids From The Bark Of Kopsia Terengganensis (Apocynaceae) And Corrosion Inhibition Studies Of Its Extract(2023-09)Hanafi, Wan Nur Huda WanThe use of natural products in developing chemotherapy agents has shown a positive impact in the oncology field. Besides, they also showed a significant result as a corrosion inhibitor. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the cytotoxic activity and corrosion inhibition potential of the crude extract and isolated alkaloids from Kopsia terengganensis (K. terengganensis). The experimental involved extraction and isolation of alkaloids using different chromatographic methods, structural elucidation using various chromatographic techniques and evaluation of cytotoxic activity on HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma. Meanwhile, corrosion inhibition studies included weight loss studies, electrochemical studies, and surface analysis. The extraction and isolation process resulted in seven alkaloid compounds: eburnamine (90), isoeburnamine (58), eburnaminol (99), larutensine (100), eburnamenine (114), eburnamonine (56) and quebrachamine (148). In the cytotoxic activity, only compound 99 was able to suppress the growth of HT-29 with moderate activity (IC50 =75.8± 3.06 μM). For the corrosion inhibition potential, the alkaloid crude showed significant results (80-90% inhibition efficiency) in both weight loss and electrochemical studies. The inhibitor followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the formation of an inhibitive film on the mild steel surface was proved in the surface analysis. In conclusion, the alkaloids from K. terengganensis were noteworthy to be investigated in both cancer and corrosion inhibition studies as it gives a positive result in the toxicity towards cancer cells and also mitigated the mild steel corrosion.
- PublicationDesign, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, And Molecular Docking Studies Of Ortho-Carboxamido Stilbenes As Anti-Diabetic And Anti-Proliferative Agents(2022-09)Norhadi Bin MohamadA total of eleven ortho-carboxamido stilbenes (50a-50k) in 63-83 % yield have been synthesized using our modified Heck coupling method, and characterized using FT-IR, NMR, and HRMS. The research started with the Wittig reaction of 3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (45) and methyltriphenylphosphonium iodide to form 3,5-dimethoxystyrene (46) followed by the Heck reaction with amide derivatives (49) under basic conditions to provide the corresponding (E)-stilbene derivatives (50a-50k). Five ortho-carboxamido stilbenes (50a-50e) were subjected to anti-diabetic studies on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes.
- PublicationDevelopment Of An Electrochemical Sensor Based On Molecularly Imprinted Go/Zno/Ppy Composites On Pencil Graphite Electrode For Determination Of Andrographolide(2021-12)Rabia Tasaduq HussainThis research highlights the development of an electrochemical sensor based on graphene derivatives with a molecularly imprinted polypyyrole (PPy) layer on a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) to detect andrographolide, which is a bioactive component of an ancient plant known as Andrographis paniculata. Conventionally, andrographolide detection based on tedious and heavy instrumentation.
- PublicationElectrochemical Degradation Of Reactive Red 4 Using Graphite/Chitosan-Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Composite Electrodes(2021-12)Nadhra Hidayah Binti Mohd HalimIn this study, graphite/chitosan-poly(vinyl chloride) (C/Chi-PVC) composite electrode was used as anode to investigate the degradation of Reactive Red 4 (RR4) in the presence of graphite rod and sodium chloride (NaCl) respectively as cathode and supporting electrolytes.
- PublicationFabrication Of Bismuth Ferrite/Poly(O-Phenylenediamine) Based Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogel And Its Photocatalytic Performance Towards Methyl Orange Under Direct Sunlight(2022-10)Nor Atilia Athira Binti ZaahariCMC/BFO/PoPD (CBP) hydrogel film is successfully prepared by impregnating of the optimized BFO/PoPD into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogel with condition of molar ratio of BFO:oPD was 1:0.4 in 0.1 M HCl and the molar ratio of ammonium persulphate (APS) to oPD was 1.5:1 for degradation of methyl orange (MO) under direct sunlight
- PublicationFabrication Of Three Dimensional (3d)-Printed Electrodes-Based Thermoplastic Carbon Nanomaterials For Electrochemical Breast Cancer Dna Biosensor(2023-08)Omar, Muhamad HuzaifahThree-dimensional (3D) printing or additive manufacturing is a promising technology to revolutionise traditional manufacturing methods. Nowadays, numerous studies have utilised 3D printing technology to replace conventional electrodes in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors and biosensors due to its low cost, rapid prototyping, and flexibility in design. The main aim of this study is to explore the 3D-printed electrode’s potential as an electrochemical biosensor for breast cancer gene (BRCA1) detection. The first section focuses on the electrochemical performances of 3D-printed polylactic acid/carbon fiber (PLA/CF) electrodes. A novel electrochemical treatment using the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique in hexaammineruthenium (III) chloride (RuHex) solution is proposed. Electrochemical characterisations revealed that the DPV-RuHex electrochemical treatment significantly improved the electrochemical performance of the 3D PLA/CF electrode. Furthermore, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) micrographs demonstrated that more PLA layers degraded after the treatment, which increased the electrode’s electroactive surface area. The second part investigates the effect of DPV treatment in RuHex and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions on the 3D-printed PLA/graphene (PLA/G) electrode. The electrochemical analyses revealed no significant difference between the two treatments.
- PublicationGenetic Diversity Of The Beetle, Paederus Fuscipes Curtis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) And Its Symbiotic Diversity With Pederin Polymorphism Based On 16S Rrna Metagenomics Profiling(2023-02)Teoh, Miao ChingPaederus rove beetles are known to carry the pederin toxin that causes linear dermatitis when crushed on skin. The toxin is produced by an unculturable Pseudomonas sp. harboured by the female Paederus beetles. Pederin polymorphism has been observed several Paederus and Paederidus beetle species wherein the (+) female beetles carried the toxin pederin and (−) females lacking this toxic amide. It has been stated that the (−) female Paederus beetles are infected with more bacterial species than (+) females, but the microbial profiles between the two female groups were not revealed. Besides, the association of pederin polymorphism with the host beetle’s genetic is yet to be investigated. Herein, the objectives of this dissertation are to investigate the microbial profile of the two groups of P. fuscipes beetles, and to study the host beetle’s mtDNA COI in association with pederin polymorphism. Pederin polymorphism studies on P. fuscipes beetles were carried out by PCR detection of pederin (ped) biosynthesis genes. The female beetles were then subjected to 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and mtDNA COI analysis. This study also attempts to culture and isolate the pederin-producing bacteria.
- PublicationGreen Synthesis Of Iron Nanoparticles From Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extracts: Characterization And Application For Diesel Range Organics And Nitrate Removal(2022-08)Ubah Promise ChimaEthanolic extract (EtOH-MOL) and water extract (H2O-MOL) of Moringa Oleifera (M. Oleifera) plant leaves were used in this study for the biosynthesized iron nanoparticles (BINPs). M. Oleifera is a non-toxic tropical plant known for its medicinal properties and good antioxidant content. Iron sulphate heptahydrate was used as the metal precursor for the formulation of BINPs.
- PublicationIn Silico And In Vitro Characterisation Of Peptide Binding Sequence Of Trim25 Cc Domain Towards 14-3-3 Sigma Protein(2023-09)Chiang, De Chen14-3-3σ protein is the most diverged isoform among the seven isoforms of the 14-3-3 protein family. Unlike other 14-3-3 isoforms, its downregulation was demonstrated in various cancer and tumour development, which is in line with its function as an adaptor protein controlling cell cycle and development. TRIM25 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that largely responsible for ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. Interestingly, 14-3-3σ-TRIM25 interaction leads to 14-3-3σ ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Their exact interacting peptide sequence, however, has yet to be identified. The present study aimed to identify the peptide binding sequence of TRIM25 protein towards 14-3-3σ protein. A total of 5 peptides were identified from in silico bioinformatic analysis (motif search and multiple sequence alignment) for subsequent binding assay. The peptides were either purchased commercially, or synthesised in-house using Fmoc SPPS method, followed by purification using semi-preparative LC and mass-validated with LC-MS. 14-3-3σ protein was successfully expressed using E. coli expression system and purified with affinity chromatography. Interactions between the 6 peptides identified previously and the 14-3-3σ protein expressed were tested with 1H CPMG NMR assay, of which Peptide 1 with sequence 402KLPp(T)FG407 demonstrates the highest binding affinity to 14-3-3σ protein. Competitive CPMG NMR assay of Peptide 1 with Peptide 6 (a known 14-3-3σ binder) revealed substantial binding competition, suggesting that Peptide 1 shares similar binding site with Peptide 6 at the amphipathic pocket
- PublicationInvestigation Of Physical And Chemical Properties Of Spent Bleaching Clay Based Geopolymers Using Alkaline Activated Geopolymerization Process(2023-09)Mak, Wei YingThis research explores the synthesis and characterization of porous clay-based geopolymers using uncalcined spent bleaching clay (SBC) as a novel precursor. Geopolymers, celebrated for their mechanical strength and chemical durability, have traditionally been synthesized using fly ash or calcined kaolin clay. The problem statement arises from the extensive potential of SBC, a waste product from the palm oil refining industry rich in aluminosilicate material, which is often discarded in landfills. The study's overarching aim is to optimize the geopolymerization process for both SBC-based and calcium silicate-SBC based geopolymers. Depending on the design parameters, geopolymer can be produced with various properties and advantages, such as excellent strength and thermal resistance under acidic environment. The result showed that a mass ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 of 3.50, mass ratio of alkaline activator solution to SBC of 2.25, and a utilization of 10% CS has the best condition. In this study, the geopolymer paste was cured in an oven at 80℃ for 24h and at room temperature for 7 days. Characterization efforts encompass an extensive analysis of raw materials, including SBC and calcium silicate, and the synthesized porous geopolymers, evaluating their structural, mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties. The characterization included FTIR spectroscopy, SEM/EDX, TGA, BET, XRD, and compressive strength test.
- PublicationIsolation, Characterization, Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity And Molecular Docking Studies Of Constituents Isolated From Endiandra Kingiana And Beilschmiedia Lumutensis (Lauraceae)(2022-09)Nur Amirah Binti SaadA preliminary study upon the bark of Endiandra kingiana (E. kingiana) and Beilschmiedia lumutensis (B. lumutensis) revealed promising anti-hyperglycemic agents against α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition activity, which prompted its chemical investigation.
- PublicationMealworm (Tenebrio Molitor) Oil And Its Potential As Biodiesel Feedstock Optimised By Response Surface Methodology(2023-07)Siow, Hao SenThe thriving global energy demand has driven the need for potential alternatives to replace the commercially available oil resources. One of the alternatives is insects, which are known to have high-fat content depending on their behaviour, feeding patterns, and worldwide availability. This study strives to discover the potential of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) to be a stand-in bioenergy resource and converting it into biodiesel by optimising the process using response surface methodology (RSM). Mealworm had a high oil content of 37.54 ± 0.78% with a high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 10.84 ± 0.005%. The primary fatty acids of mealworm oil were oleic acid (30.37%), linoleic acid (25.07%), and palmitic acid (19.54%). The pyrolysis of mealworm oil was done from room temperature to 750°C at a heating rate of 10°C per minute under a nitrogen gas atmosphere and it decomposed almost completely after 470°C. An acid-catalysed esterification pre-treatment was conducted to reduce the high level of FFA content to a range below 1% using the optimum parameter of 5.8% w/w sulphuric acid as catalyst, 24:1 methanol-to-oil ratio, 174 minutes reaction time at 74°C to be favourable for alkali-catalysed transesterification to take place and convert the triglycerides in the oil into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).
- PublicationModification Of Bismuth Ferrite Through Calcium- And Copper-Doping For Enhanced Antibiotics Removal Via Catalytic Peroxymonosulfate Activation(2023-01)Koo Pooi LingThe main objective of this research is to improve the catalytic activity of Bi2Fe4O9 through doping for the removal of fluoroquinolone antibiotics via PMS activation.
- PublicationNatural Rubber And Natural Rubber Grafted Chitosan Films For Removal Of Dyes(2019-08)Hasanuddin, Nurul HaslizaIn this study, adsorption experiments of methylene blue (MB) onto the surface of natural rubber (NR) were accomplished under optimized conditions of initial dye concentration, pH and temperature. The adsorption process of MB onto NR in the concentrations range from 3.2 mg L’1 — 16.0 mg L"1 were found to follow linearized pseudo 2nd order: Type 1. The adsorption isotherm of NR onto MB obeyed the Langmuir isotherm with an agreement of R2= 0.9750. The calculated values of AH, AS, AG and Ea were found to be -21732.58 J mol’1, +14.24 J K‘* mol and - 26047.30 J mol'1 and +23.71 kJ mol'1 respectively. This adsorption study was shown to be spontaneous and exothermic in nature. However, NR took days to adsorb MB and failed to adsorb methyl orange (MO). Thus NR grafted chitosan (NR-g-Chi) with varied ratios of 80:20, 75:25 and 70:30 were implemented to improve the adsorption performance. The unpurified and purified NR-g-Chi was characterized using FTIR, TGA and DSC. Both NR and NR-g-Chi were studied for their PZC and swelling behavior. The performance adsorption of MB using NR-g-Chi showed better results than NR adsorption itself with shorter time taken.
- PublicationNitrogen-Doped Biochar As Peroxymonosulfate Activator For Acid Orange 7 Removal(2021-11)Zaeni Julia Raudlatul JannahThe first study shows the oxygen-functionalized biochar that obtained from biowaste through facile method is the promising catalyst as PMS activator and the second study provides insights into Ndoped biochar preparation with favourable intrinsic and extrinsic properties from biowaste for sustainable pollutant removal via PMS activation.
- PublicationNitrogen-Sulfur And Nitrogen-Boron Co-Doped Biochar As Peroxymonosulfate Activator For Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics Removal(2023-02)Choong, Zheng YiRecently, the application of multi-heteroatom-doped carbocatalyst in peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced oxidation processes for removing recalcitrant pollutant has been increasingly studied. As the studies on multi-heteroatom-doped carbocatalyst in PMS activation is still nascent, the main objective of this study is to study various multi-heteroatom-doped biochar for PMS activation. In the first part of the study (Chapter 4), a series of N, S-co-doped biochar (BSN-Ts) were prepared at different temperature using one-step calcination method. Through various characterization, it was found that g-C3N4 was first formed by polymerization of urea and thiourea, and engulf the biochar. At higher synthesis temperature, the g-C3N4 decomposed and coalesce with the biochar, forming BSN-Ts. The performance of BSN-Ts as PMS activators for gatifloxacin (GAT) removal were evaluated and were found that BSN-Ts prepared at 800 oC (BSN-800) showed the greatest performance due to its relatively high specific surface area (SBET = 419 m2 g-1) and synergism between heteroatoms.
- PublicationPengolahan Air Buangan Pencelup Melalui Penambahan Serbuk Karbon Diaktifkan Ke Dalam Enapan Teraktif Dalam Reaktor Kelompok Berturutan(1998-02)Er Cheow ChinPenyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengolahan air buangan berpencelup Biru Asid dan Kuning Bes dengan sistem PACT berlangkah SBRT. Lima jenis bahan penjerap iaitu serbuk karbon diaktifkan (PAC), tanah gambut, abuk kayu, sekam padi dan biomas telah diselidik dari segi kecekapan penyingkiran terhadap kedua-dua pencelup Biru Asid dan Kuning Bes.