Publication: Formulation, characterization and optimization of choline chloride based natural deep eutectic solvent for extraction of cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid from cinnamomum cassia
Loading...
Date
2023-11-01
Authors
Shu Meng Hong
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
Cinnamomum cassia has a long history of use as preservative and for medicinal purposes in the East to maintain body health. Convectional extraction methods are most commonly applied to extract bioactive compounds from C. cassia. However, these methods required longer extraction time and large amount of conventional solvent. In this study, a natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES)-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) process was used to extract cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde from C. cassia bark. The synthesis process of twelve choline chloride-based NADES was successful and characterized by using FT-IR analysis. In this study, the increment of water content significantly reduces the viscosity of NADES. Among the twelve NADES the combination of choline chloride and levulinic acid (NADES 9) in the molar ratio of 1:2 showed the most promising extraction efficiencies for cinnamic acid (0.55 ± 0.00 mg/g) and cinnamaldehyde (25.69 ± 0.69 mg/g) which is higher compared to extract obtained with 80 % ethanol (0.52 ± 0.01 mg/g and 24.05 ± 0.26, respectively) and water (0.34 ± 0.01 mg/g and 8.78 ± 0.22 mg/g, respectively). Based on the result of one-factor at a time experiment, the extraction process was further optimized by using Response Surface Methodology via Box-Behnken design. Under the optimal conditions of 26 % water content in NADES 9, 22 min of extraction time, 15 mL/g of solvent to solid ratio, and 160 W of ultrasonic power, the maximum predicted cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde yield were 0.5909 mg/g and 26.8625 mg/g, respectively. The experimental results were consistent with the predicted values from Box-Behnken design. Moreover, the C. cassia extract obtained from NADES (74.78 ± 0.29 mg GAE/g) exhibited higher total phenolic content compared to ethanol extract (64.62 ± 0.22 mg GAE/g). In addition, antioxidant tests revealed that the NADES extract (IC50 = 1.67 ± 0.01 mg/mL) showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than ethanol extract (IC50 = 2.84 ± 0.06 mg/mL). Based on the morphological analysis using SEM, the application UAE and NADES 9 effectively rupture the cell wall and oil gland in C. cassia bark. For the kinetic modelling of cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde extraction in C. cassia bark, it was found that Peleg model fitted well to the extraction data in cinnamic acid (R2 > 0.976, MRPD < 10 %) and cinnamaldehyde (R2 > 0.973, MRPD < 10 %). The results from this study indicate the high extraction efficiency of choline chloride-based NADES in C. cassia bark have the potential to replace conventional solvents.