Publication: Assessing Carbofuran And Its Metabolites In The Paddy Field Water-Soil Column
Date
2025-08
Authors
Haji Baharudin, Nurul Syuhada
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Abstract
In Malaysia's agricultural sector, a substantial amount of pesticides is used in paddy fields. Carbofuran was an approved insecticide until its ban in May 2023. In addition to the concentration and presence of carbofuran, it is important to investigate its active metabolites. Despite numerous researchers studying and documenting the environmental persistence of carbofuran, there is a significant lack of published studies focusing on its metabolites in tropical countries like Malaysia. This study aimed to investigate the pathway of carbofuran and its metabolites in the water–soil column of a tropical paddy field ecosystem. The research was conducted in paddy fields and irrigation channels in Mukim 5 Penaga, North Seberang Perai, Penang. It assessed surface water quality and the distribution and degradation of pesticide residues in nearby paddy farms. The study also explored carbofuran degradation in paddy water by measuring its content over 0 to 56 days under sunlight exposure and total darkness.
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Assessing Carbofuran And Its Metabolites , The Paddy Field Water-Soil Column