Publication: The relationship between micronutrients intake (vitamins and minerals), body mass index (BMI), and depressive symptoms among pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients in Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia (HPUSM)
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Date
2026
Authors
Heluan, Nurhadifah
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Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a growing global health problem that is often accompanied by various physical and psychological complications, including depression. This study aimed to examine the association between micronutrient intake, Body Mass Index (BMI), and depressive symptoms among pre-dialysis CKD patients at Hospital Pakar Universiti Sains Malaysia (HPUSM). A cross-sectional study was conducted among 90 pre-dialysis CKD patients who met the study inclusion criteria and were recruited using convenience sampling. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a sociodemographic and medical history questionnaire, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), anthropometric measurements, and a 24-hour dietary recall. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 30. The results showed that nearly half of the respondents (45.6%) were underweight. Most respondents reported either minimal (38.9%) or mild (34.4%) depressive symptoms. Overall, the intake of most vitamins and minerals were below the Malaysian Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) levels, indicating suboptimal micronutrient consumption among the study population. Participants with minimal depressive symptoms had significantly higher intake for several vitamins, including vitamin A, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, and folate (p < 0.05) as compared to those with mild depressive symptoms. On the other hand, sodium, potassium, iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc were significantly higher among those with mild depressive symptoms as compared to those who were normal (p<0.05). Similarly, BMI was not significantly associated with depressive symptoms (p = 0.140). In conclusion, inadequate micronutrient intake was common among pre-dialysis CKD patients in HPUSM, although neither micronutrient intake nor BMI was significantly related to depressive symptoms. Further studies involving larger sample sizes and longitudinal designs are needed to provide a better understanding of these relationships.
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