Publication: Real time PH, conductivity and total dissolved solid (TDS) in the maiganga coal mine using internet of things (IOT) based sensor system.
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Date
2025-08
Authors
Aluwong, Caleb Kushai
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Abstract
The Nigerian mining industry offers significant economic potential but poses critical environmental challenges, particularly water pollution from acid mine
drainage (AMD). Mining activities significantly impact water quality through the release of contaminants such as pH-altering substances, heavy metals, and total
dissolved solids (TDS). This study addresses the urgent need for real-time environmental monitoring in mining environments by developing an IoT-based
wireless sensor system for continuous measurement of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and TDS in surface water at the Maiganga Coal Mine. The research integrates hydrogeochemical modeling, structural analysis, and cloud-connected sensing technologies to assess, predict, and mitigate pollution risks. The methodology combined field investigations, geophysical surveys, laboratory analysis, and simulation using ANSYS Fluent. Water samples were collected from key locations within and around the mine and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. Seasonal variations showed range in concentrations of pH (1.5 – 5.5), EC (170–6982 µS/cm) and TDS (83–3491 mg/L) within the mining zone, exceeding baseline levels by up to 200%. Structural mapping identified subsurface features like faults and permeable sandstone layers that facilitate contaminant migration. An IoT-based monitoring system was designed using Arduino Nano, calibrated sensors, and mobile-cloud integration, enabling remote data access and real-time visualization. Validation against laboratory results confirmed high accuracy (>95%) and consistency across multiple sampling campaigns. The findings demonstrate the potential of integrated approaches in managing mining-related pollution. This research contributes a scalable framework for sustainable environmental management in mining-impacted regions, aligning with SDGs related to clean water, health, and responsible resource.