Extraction, identification and separation of vitamin e and djenkolic acid from pithecellobium jiringan (jack) prain seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide
Loading...
Date
2007
Authors
Che Yunus, Mohd Azizi
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
Carbon dioxide in supercritical region is employed as a method for extraction
and separation of medicinal and toxic component in Pithecellobium Jiringan Jack
(Prain) seeds, or namely as P.jiringan seeds. Supercritical fluid extraction was selected
on the extraction of valuable compounds from plant parts because it is simple and
environmental friendly process.
Ground P.jiringan seeds with particle size 215 μm (diameter) and moisture
content of 4.27 % were used in this study. The supercritical carbon dioxide extraction
conditions considered were temperatures of 40o, 50o, 60o, 70o and 80o C and pressures
of 20.68 MPa, 27.56 MPa, 34.47 MPa, 41.37 MPa, 48.26 MPa and 55.16 MPa. The
extraction process was conducted for 60 minutes. The vitamin E was identified as a
medicinal compound, while djenkolic acid as toxic compound. Methods were developed
for the separation, detection and quantification of extracted djenkolic acid by High
Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Ultra-Violet detector. Meanwhile, the
separation and quantification of extracted vitamin E was done by Gas Chromatography
Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). Thus, this study has focused on the
determination of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction conditions for the extraction
and separation of vitamin E and djenkolic acid compounds simultaneously and to
produce high quality finished products which are suitable for the human consumption.
The study shows that the maximum overall extraction yield was 8.06 %, at the
highest pressure and temperature of 55.16 MPa and 80o C, respectively. In contrast, at
lower extraction conditions minimum oil yield was produced. The overall extracted oil
yield was increased with increase in temperature at constant pressure. Likewise, the
overall extracted oil yield also increased with increase in pressure at constant
temperature. The solubility and overall mass transfer coefficient show the same trend
as overall extracted oil yield. The maximum solubility and overall mass transfer
coefficient are 2.60 mg oil per g CO2 (0.26 wt %) and 0.147 X 10-6 m/min, respectively
at the highest extraction conditions of 55.16 MPa and 80o C.
The chromatogram analysis showed that the retention time of djenkolic acid
standard is 3.503 minute, while vitamin E standard is 1057.20 second. The presence of
extracted djenkolic acid and vitamin E were confirmed if their tolerance for the peak
about retention time of the standard is in accordance with international standard
guideline for GC/HPLC-MS determination of volatile/non-volatile compounds. In
addition, the confirmation of vitamin E also was done by similarity match of mass
ionization spectrum and NIST library and Willey database with percentage similarity is
above 79.0 %.
The study shows that extracted djenkolic acid yield, concentration of extracted
djenkolic acid and extractability of djenkolic acid increased with increase in temperature
for constant pressure and vice-versa. The maximum extracted djenkolic acid yield,
concentration of extracted djenkolic acid and extractability of djenkolic acid are 0.37
mg/ g sample (0.037 wt %), 4.587 mg/ g oil (0.459 wt %) and 0.0061 mg/ g CO2
(0.00061 wt %) respectively, at the higher extraction condition of 55.16 MPa and 80o C.
However, no djenkolic acid was extracted at constant temperature of 40o C under
pressure range 20.68 MPa to 41.37 MPa and also at extraction condition of 50o C and
20.68 MPa. At constant temperature of 50o C and under pressure range of 27.58 MPa
to 48.26 MPa, the amount of djenkolic acid extracted is in trace amount.
On the other hand, the extraction of vitamin E shows a reverse trend as
obtained in the extraction of djenkolic acid. The amount of vitamin E is increased with
decrease in temperature for constant pressure and vice versa. Vitamin E can be
extracted over extraction conditions studied. The maximum extracted vitamin E yield,
concentration of extracted vitamin E and extractability of vitamin E were 0.0046 wt %
(0.046 mg/ g sample), 0.246 wt % (2.46 mg/ g oil) and 0.00014 wt % (0.0014 mg/ g
CO2) respectively, at the lowest extraction conditions of 20.68 MPa and 40o C.
The findings of this study show that if the extracted oil is considered as finished
product, the best SC-CO2 conditions is 20.68 MPa and 40o C. On the other hand, the
SC-CO2 conditions of 55.16 MPa and 80o C is the best operational if residue sample is
chosen as the finished product.
Description
PhD
Keywords
Science pharmacy , vitamin e , djenkolic acid , pithecellobium jiringan , prain seeds , supercritical carbon dioxide